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Panchayat Raj System - Articles and Analysis

Article 243-I: State Finance Commission

This article deals with the State Finance Commission.

Key Points:

• Article 243-I provides for the establishment of a State Finance Commission.
• The State Finance Commission is responsible for making recommendations on the financial relations between the state government and the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
• The State Legislature makes laws regarding the composition of the State Finance Commission.
• The Governor establishes the State Finance Commission.
• The commission consists of a chairman and four other members.
• The term of office is five years.
• Function: The State Finance Commission recommends measures to improve the financial position of PRIs, ensuring they can function effectively. This includes:
  • Determining the principles governing the distribution of state taxes, duties, tolls, and fees between the state and the PRIs.
  • Identifying the taxes, duties, tolls, and fees that may be assigned to the PRIs.
  • Recommending grants-in-aid to the PRIs from the Consolidated Fund of the State.
  • Suggesting measures to improve the financial position of the PRIs.
• The State Finance Commission submits its report to the Governor.
• The Governor places the report before the State Legislature.

Article 243-J: Auditing

This article focuses on the auditing of the accounts of Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Key Points:

• The State Legislature can, by law, authorize any authority to conduct the audit of the accounts of the Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• The State Legislature decides the authority responsible for auditing.
• In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the State Audit General is responsible for auditing the accounts of the PRIs.

Article 243-K: State Election Commission

This article addresses the formation and functions of the State Election Commission.

Key Points:

• Article 243-K deals with the State Election Commission.
• The State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections to the Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• The Governor establishes the State Election Commission.
• The State Legislature makes laws regarding the composition of the State Election Commission.
• The State Election Commission is also referred to as the State Election Commissioner.
• The State Election Commission consists of a State Election Commissioner.
• Term of Office: Five years or until the age of 62 years, whichever is earlier.
• Removal: The State Election Commissioner can be removed in the same manner as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
  • Removal is initiated by impeachment process as per the Constitution.
  • Removal is through the Parliament.
• Resignation: The State Election Commissioner submits the resignation to the Governor.
• Functions of the State Election Commission:
  • Conducting elections to the Panchayati Raj Institutions.
  • Preparing electoral rolls for elections.
  • Announcing the election schedule.
  • Decisions on matters related to elections, including adjournment and cancellation.
  • Model Code of Conduct: Announcing the Model Code of Conduct to ensure free and fair elections.
  • Allocating symbols to independent candidates and those contesting in Gram Panchayat elections.

Article 243-L: Application to Union Territories

This article deals with the application of the Panchayati Raj provisions to Union Territories.

Key Points:

• Article 243-L deals with the application of the provisions of Panchayati Raj to the Union Territories.
• Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) are on the State List, while Union Territories are under the Union List.
• The Union Territories are administered by the Central Government.
• The power to extend the provisions of Panchayati Raj to Union Territories vests with the Central Government.
• The Central Government can adapt and apply these provisions to Union Territories, keeping in mind the unique conditions of each territory.

Article 243-M: Exemptions

This article specifies areas where the provisions of the Panchayati Raj system do not apply.

Key Points:

• Exemptions are provided under Article 243-M.
• Under Article 244 Clause 1, the provisions do not apply to scheduled areas.
• Under Article 244 Clause 2, the provisions do not apply to autonomous districts.
• Also not applicable to:
  • Nagaland
  • Mizoram
  • Meghalaya
  • Manipur: Not applicable to Hill Areas.
  • West Bengal: Not applicable to Darjeeling district, Gurkhaland area.
• Exceptions:
  • Scheduled Areas and Autonomous Districts: The Parliament, by law, can extend the provisions of Panchayati Raj to these areas. This requires a simple majority in the Parliament.
  • Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya: If Panchayati Raj is to be implemented, the State Legislature must first pass a resolution with a special majority, and then forward it to the Parliament. The Parliament can then implement the system through a simple majority.

Article 243-N: Continuance of Existing Laws

This article discusses the continuance of existing laws related to Panchayats.

Key Points:

• The 73rd Constitutional Amendment came into effect on April 24, 1993.
• If a State had any laws in place regarding Panchayati Raj Institutions before this date, those laws would continue to be in force for a year after the amendment's enactment.
• Within one year, all states were required to align their laws with the provisions of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

Article 243-O: Tribunals

This article relates to the establishment and functions of tribunals in the context of elections to Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Key Points:

• Article 243-O deals with tribunals.
• The State Legislature can, by law, provide for the establishment of tribunals.
• The tribunals deal with election disputes related to Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• The State Legislature can assign the authority to hear election disputes to tribunals.
• In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana:
  • Special Tribunals have not been set up.
  • Election disputes are handled by the Munsif Courts.
  • Munsif courts usually function as courts.
  • During election disputes, the Munsif courts function as tribunals.

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Article 243D: Reservations of Panchayats

Article 243D: Reservations of Panchayats

Article number 243D, capital D, is about the reservations in Panchayats. It discusses reservations and is very important from an article perspective. Let's take a look.

Article number 243, capital D, clarifies about reservations. It is about reservations. Article number 243, capital D, explains about reservations.

Key Points Regarding Reservations in Panchayati Raj Institutions:

1. Reservation for SCs and STs: In Panchayati Raj institutions, reservations for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) should be provided based on their population ratio.

   This means in Panchayat Raj institutions, for SCs and STs, reservations should be provided according to their population proportion.

2. Reservation for BCs: The percentage of reservation for Backward Classes (BCs) in Panchayati Raj institutions is decided by the State Legislature.

   How much percentage of reservations should be provided for BCs is decided by the State Legislative Assembly.

   Currently, in Andhra Pradesh, 27% reservation is given to BCs in Panchayati Raj institutions. This 27% is also applicable in Telangana.

3. Women's Reservation: Out of the total seats in Panchayati Raj institutions, not less than one-third (1/3) of the seats should be reserved for women.

   Not just one-third of the seats, but not less than one-third of the seats should be allocated to women.

   In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, 50% reservation is provided for women in Panchayati Raj institutions.

4. Sub-reservations for Women within Categories: Within the reservations provided for SCs, STs, BCs, or others (Open Category), not less than one-third (1/3) should be reserved for women belonging to those respective categories.

   In the reservations allocated for SCs, STs, BCs or others, not less than one-third of seats should be reserved for women in those categories.

   For example, if 10 seats are given to SCs, at least 1/3, meaning approximately 3 seats, should be for women from SC category. Similarly, if 6 seats are for STs, 2 seats should be for ST women, and if 15 seats are for BCs, 5 seats should be for BC women. This applies to all categories.

5. Rotation of Reservations: Reservations are implemented through a rotation system.

   Reservations are provided in a rotation method. Rotation system means, for example, in 2022 elections, if Ward A was given to SCs, Ward B to STs, Ward C to BCs and Ward D to Open Category.

   In the next elections, say in 2027, Ward A could be given to STs, Ward B to Open Category, Ward C to SCs, and Ward D to BCs. This is called rotation.

   In Andhra Pradesh, reservations change every 5 years. In Telangana, this rotation happens every 10 years. The rotation period varies from state to state.

6. Exception for Arunachal Pradesh (83rd Amendment, 2000): Due to the absence of SC population in Arunachal Pradesh, reservations are not provided for SCs there.

   In 2000, through the 83rd Constitutional Amendment, because of no SC population in Arunachal Pradesh, reservations are not given to them there.

Article 243E: Term of Office of Panchayats

Article 243E: Term of Office of Panchayats

Article number 243E explains about the term of office of Panchayats. It tells about the duration of the term.

Article number 243, Capital E, explains about the term of office. Article 243E is about the term.

Key Points Regarding the Term of Office:

1. Term Duration: The term of office for Panchayati Raj institutions is 5 years.

   The term of office of Panchayat Raj institutions is 5 years.

2. Commencement of Term: This 5-year term starts from the first meeting of the Panchayat.

   From when is this 5 years? From the first meeting's first day. From the first meeting, the term is 5 years.

   For instance, for a Gram Panchayat, the 5 years term is from the first meeting. Similarly, for a Mandal Parishad, it's from the first meeting, and for Zilla Parishad also, the term is 5 years from the first meeting.

3. By-elections for Vacancies: If a vacancy arises in any seat, a by-election must be conducted within six months.

   If any seat becomes vacant, by-elections must be held within six months.

4. Exception for Short Remaining Term: If the remaining term of the institution is less than six months when a vacancy occurs, a by-election is not required.

   If the term of those institutions is less than six months remaining, by-elections are not needed.

   If by-elections come under such circumstances, by-elections are not required to be conducted.

5. Term of Office for By-election Winners: A person elected in a by-election serves only for the remaining period of the term.

   The term of office for a person who wins in by-elections is for the remaining term only. Person who wins in by-elections, their term is for the remaining period.

   For example, if Gram Panchayat elections happened in 2022, and next elections are in 2027. But in 2025, a ward member died and a by-election is conducted. The person who wins in this by-election will only serve for 2 years, until 2027, not for a full 5-year term.

   This applies not just to Panchayats but to Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council, or any assembly in India. If by-elections occur, the term of the elected member is only for the remaining period.

Article 243F: Disqualifications for Membership

Article 243F: Disqualifications for Membership

Article number 243F, capital F, explains about the disqualifications. It discusses the ineligibilities to contest in Panchayat Raj institutions. To know about disqualifications, knowing the qualifications is enough because disqualifications are the opposite of qualifications. Let's see the qualifications first.

Article number 243F explains about disqualifications. Article 243F is about disqualifications.

Qualifications to Contest Panchayat Elections (Absence of Disqualifications):

1. Indian Citizen: Must be a citizen of India.

   To contest in Panchayat Raj institutions, one must be an Indian citizen.

2. Not Holding Office of Profit: Should not hold any office of profit under the Central or State Government.

   Should not be employed in a salaried job under Central or State governments. Should not do an income-giving job.

3. Minimum Age: Minimum age should not be less than 21 years.

   Minimum age should be 21 years and above. Minimum age should not be less than 21 years.

4. Two-Child Norm (Post-1995): Should not have more than two children born after 1995.

   After 1995, should not have given birth to more than two children.

   If you had one child in the first instance, and twins in the second, it is considered as within the limit. But if you have twins first and then another child, it's not treated as one child. If you have one child first, and then twins, government considers it. But after 1995, you should not have more than two children.

5. Voter in the Constituency: Must be registered as a voter in the constituency they are contesting from.

   In which institution's constituency you are contesting, you must be registered as a voter there. Must be registered as a voter.

6. No Dues to Panchayat: Should not have any dues pending to the Panchayat Raj institutions.

   Should not be a defaulter or have pending dues to Panchayat Raj institutions. Should not be a defaulter.

7. Other Disqualifications by State Legislature: Must possess other qualifications determined by the State Legislature.

   State Legislature decided other qualifications must be there.

   Other qualifications determined by the State Legislature must be possessed.

Article 243G: Powers, Authority and Responsibilities of Panchayats

Article 243G: Powers, Authority and Responsibilities of Panchayats

Article number 243G, capital G, is about the powers and responsibilities. It explains the authorities and duties of Panchayats.

Article number 243G, capital G, explains about powers and responsibilities. Article 243G is about powers and duties.

Powers and Responsibilities of Panchayati Raj Institutions:

Article number 243G, capital G, is about powers and responsibilities.

Panchayati Raj institutions have authority over 29 subjects.

Panchayat Raj institutions are given authority on 29 items. Panchayat Raj institutions are given authority on 29 subjects.

These 29 subjects are listed in the 11th Schedule. We mentioned earlier, like Rural Housing, Sanitation and Public Health, Agriculture, Land Reforms, Public Distribution System, Poverty Alleviation Programs, Social Welfare, Women and Child Welfare, Weaker Section Welfare. Like these, there are 29 subjects on which they can make laws. Who? Panchayat Raj institutions.

Article 243H: Finances of Panchayats

Article 243H: Finances of Panchayats

Article number 243H, capital H, is about finances and resources. It explains the income sources for Panchayats. Article number 243H, capital H, explains about income resources.

Article number 243, capital H, explains about income resources. Article 243H is about income resources.

Financial Resources of Panchayati Raj Institutions:

Article number 243H, capital H, is about income resources.

For Panchayati Raj institutions, the income sources are:

1. Funds from the Central Government: Funds given by the Central Government.

   Central government given funds.

2. Funds from the State Government: Funds given by the State Government.

   State government given funds.

3. Own Taxes: Through own taxes. Do Panchayat Raj institutions levy taxes? Yes, like House Tax, Water Tax. Like these taxes, through taxes.

   Do they levy taxes? Panchayat Raj institutions? House tax, water tax, like these are there, right? Those through taxes.

4. Rentals: Through rentals (rents).

   Rentals, means rents. Through rentals.

5. Donations: Through donations.

   Donations, through donations.

6. Sale of Lands: Through sale of lands (any lands).

   Any lands, sale of lands. Through sale of lands.

So, through these ways, income resources come to Panchayat Raj institutions.

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Article 243D: Reservation of Seats in Panchayats

Article 243D deals with the reservation of seats in Panchayats.

• SC/STs reservations are based on their population proportion.
• The percentage of reservations for Backward Classes (BCs) is determined by the State Legislature.
• Not less than one-third (1/3) of the total seats must be reserved for women.
• Not less than one-third (1/3) reservation should be given to women belonging to the reserved category.

Article 243E: Duration of Panchayats

Article 243E addresses the term of Panchayats.

• The term of a Panchayat is five years from the date of its first meeting.
• If a seat becomes vacant, by-elections must be held within six months.
• If a by-election occurs with less than six months remaining in the term of the Panchayat, then a by-election is not required.
• A person elected in a by-election serves only for the remaining term, not a full five years.

Article 243F: Disqualifications for Membership

Article 243F lists the disqualifications for membership in Panchayats. These are often framed in terms of *not* having certain qualifications. Since you want to focus on the *qualifications*, I'll present the information this way, and you can easily infer the disqualifications:

Qualifications for Panchayat Membership:

• Must be a citizen of India.
• Must not hold any office of profit under the Central or State governments.
• Must be at least 21 years old.
• Should not have more than two children after 1995 (this can vary by state legislation).
• Must be a registered voter within the Panchayat's area.
• Must not be in arrears of any dues to the Panchayat.
• Must meet any other qualifications prescribed by the State Legislature.

The above are the *qualifications*. The *disqualifications* are the opposites of these. For example, "not being a citizen of India" is a disqualification.

Article 243G: Powers, Authority and Responsibilities of Panchayats

Article 243G deals with powers, authority, and responsibilities of panchayats.

Panchayats are given power over 29 subjects,as listed in the 11th schedule.

The 11th Schedule of the Indian constitution deals with the powers and the responsibilities of the Gram Panchayat. It contains the following 29 subjects.

1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil conservation.
3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.
4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
5. Fisheries.
6. Social forestry and farm forestry.
7. Minor forest produce.
8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries.
9. Khadi, village and cottage industries.
10. Rural housing.
11. Drinking water.
12. Fuel and fodder.
13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of communication.
14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity.
15. Non-conventional energy sources.
16. Poverty alleviation programme.
17. Education, including primary and secondary schools.
18. Technical training and vocational education.
19. Adult and non-formal education.
20. Libraries.
21. Cultural activities.
22. Markets and fairs.
23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centres and dispensaries.
24. Family welfare.
25. Women and child development.
26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded.
27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
28. Public distribution system.
29. Maintenance of community assets.

Article 243H: Powers to Impose Taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats

Article 243H covers the financial resources of Panchayats, including:

• Grants from the Central government.
• Grants from the State government.
• Revenue from taxes levied by the Panchayat itself (e.g., house tax, water tax, etc.).
• Rents collected by the Panchayat.
• Donations.
• Income from the sale of Panchayat properties.

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Indian Constitution: Panchayati Raj Institutions

Overview

This document outlines the key articles of the Indian Constitution related to Panchayati Raj Institutions, focusing on Articles 243 to 243-O.

The Panchayati Raj Institutions are discussed in the constitution from Article 243 to Article 243-O.

Article 243: Definitions

• Article 243 (a): District: A district is defined, as notified by the Governor through a public notification.
• Article 243 (b): Grama Sabha: Gram Sabha refers to the body of people consisting the registered voters within the area of a village panchayat.
• Article 243 (c): Mandal Parishad: Mandal Parishad is the intermediate level between the Gram Panchayat and the Zilla Parishad, as notified by the Governor.
• Article 243 (d): Panchayat: "Panchayat" is an institution (by whatever name called) of self-government constituted under article 243B, for the rural areas;
• Article 243 (e): Panchayat area: "Panchayat area" means the territorial area of a Panchayat.
• Article 243 (f):Population: "population" means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published.
• Article 243 (g):Village: "village" means a village specified by the Governor by public notification to be a village for the purposes of this Part and includes a group of villages so specified.

Summary Table of Article 243

The following table provides a concise summary of the definitions within Article 243.

Sub-Article	Definition
243 (a)	District
243 (b)	Gram Sabha
243 (c)	Mandal Parishad
243 (d)	Panchayat
243 (e)	Panchayat Area
243 (f)	Population
243 (g)	Village

Article 243A: Gram Sabha

Article 243A deals with the Gram Sabha. It reiterates the definition: A body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level.

It's crucial to understand that both Article 243(b) (small b) and Article 243A (capital A) address the concept of the Gram Sabha.

Article 243B: Constitution of Panchayats

Article 243B discusses the establishment (constitution) of Panchayats. It outlines a three-tier system:

• Gram Panchayat at the village level.
• Mandal Parishad at the intermediate level.
• Zilla Parishad at the district level.

However, states with a population of less than 20 lakhs may choose not to constitute Panchayats at the intermediate level (Mandal Parishad).

Article 243C: Composition of Panchayats

Article 243C deals with the structure (composition) of Panchayats.

• A Gram Panchayat is divided into wards.
• A Mandal Parishad is also divided into wards.
• A Zilla Parishad is similarly divided into wards.

Ward members of Gram Panchayats and Mandal Parishads are to be directly elected by the people.

Election of Sarpanch(Head of Gram Panchayat)

• The election of the Sarpanch (head of the Gram Panchayat) can be either direct or indirect, as determined by the State Legislature.

Election of Mandal Parishad and Zilla Parishad Heads

• The election of the heads of the Mandal Parishad and Zilla Parishad must be indirect.

Representation in Meetings

The State Legislature determines who is entitled to participate and have representation in the meetings of Gram Panchayats, Mandal Parishads, and Zilla Parishads.

Article 243D: Reservation of Seats

Article 243D deals with the Reservation of seats in Panchayats.

The specifics of reservation (for SC/STs, women, etc.) are detailed in this article, but were not provided in the original text. A complete understanding requires consulting the full text of Article 243D.

winners Local Bodies - Articles and Committees (Continued)

Committees and Recommendations (Continued)

• L.M. Singhvi Committee (ఎల్.ఎం.సింఘ్వి కమిటీ) - 1986 (Continued)

  This committee was formed by Rajiv Gandhi during his term as a Prime Minister.

• P.K. Thungon Committee (పి.కె.తుంగన్ కమిటీ) - 1988 (Continued)

• During Rajiv Gandhi's tenure as Prime Minister

64^th Constitutional Amendment Bill

• For the purpose of giving constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions.
• It was introduced in Parliament in 1982.
• It got approved in Loksabha, but it was not accepted by Rajyasabha. Hence the 64^th Constitutional Amendment Bill got cancelled.

• 65^thConstitutional Amendment Bill, 1989

  • This bill aims to give constitutional status to the local bodies.
  • It was also introduced in parliament, but unfortunately, the parliament got dissolved.

• During Vishwanath Pratap Singh's tenure as Prime Minister

70^th Constitutional Amendment Bill

• For the purpose of giving constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and Urban Local Bodies.
• It was introduced in parliament, but unfortunately, the parliament got dissolved.

• During P.V.Narasimha Rao's tenure as Prime Minister

• 73^rdConstitutional Amendment Bill for giving constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions.

  9^th part was added to the constitution.

  11^th shedule was added

  Article 243-243(O)

• 74^thConstitutional Amendment Bill for giving constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies.

Both these bills were introduced in parliament on 1991.

On 1992 December 22^nd both houses have accepted these bills.

On 1993 April 20^th president signed on both these bills.

73^rdConstitutional Amendment Act, 1992 came into force on 24^th April, 1993

74^thConstitutional Amendment Act, 1992 came into force on 1^st June, 1993

Hence April 24^th is celebrated as Panchayati Raj day.

winners Local Bodies - Committees and Recommendations (Continued)

Committees and Recommendations (Continued)

• L.M. Singhvi Committee (ఎల్.ఎం.సింఘ్వి కమిటీ) - 1986

  • Formed by Rajiv Gandhi government.
  • Focus: Revitalization of Panchayati Raj institutions for democracy and development.

  Key Recommendations:

  1. Constitutional status for local bodies.
  2. Establishment of Nyaya Panchayats for clusters of villages.
  3. Establishment of a State Election Commission for local body elections.
  4. Local bodies should be given constitutional status.

• P.K. Thungon Committee (పి.కె.తుంగన్ కమిటీ) - 1988

  • Formed by the Parliamentary Consultative Committee on Rural Development.
  • Focus: To examine the report of the L.M. Singhvi Committee and to suggest measures for providing constitutional status to local bodies.

  Key Recommendations:

  • Constitutional status for local bodies.

• Rajiv Gandhi Government

  • 64th Constitutional Amendment Bill: Introduced in 1989 to grant constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions. Passed in the Lok Sabha but rejected by the Rajya Sabha.
  • 65th Constitutional Amendment Bill: Introduced in 1989 to grant constitutional status to urban local bodies. This bill was also effectively stalled due to the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.

• V.P. Singh Government

  • Introduced the 70th Constitutional Amendment Bill to grant constitutional status to both Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies. The bill was not passed.

• P.V. Narasimha Rao Government

  • 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act: Finally provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions. It added Part IX and the 11th Schedule to the Constitution, covering Articles 243 to 243O.
  • 74th Constitutional Amendment Act: Provided constitutional status to urban local bodies.
  • These bills were passed by the Lok Sabha on December 22, 1992, and by the Rajya Sabha on December 23, 1992. The President gave assent on April 20, 1993.
  • The 73rd Amendment came into force on April 24, 1993, and the 74th Amendment on June 1, 1993. April 24th is celebrated as National Panchayati Raj Day.
  • The 11th Schedule lists 29 subjects over which Panchayati Raj institutions have legislative power.

• Committees that were discussed

  1. Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
  2. Ashok Mehta Committee
  3. Dantwala Committee
  4. C.H. Hanumantha Rao Committee
  5. G.V.K. Rao Committee
  6. L.M. Singhvi Committee
  7. P.K. Thungon Committee

winners Local Bodies - Committees and Recommendations

Local Bodies (స్థానిక సంస్థలు)

Committees and Recommendations

• Ashok Mehta Committee (అశోక్ మెహతా కమిటీ)

  • Formed in December 1977 by the Janata government (జనతా ప్రభుత్వం) under Prime Minister Morarji Desai (మొరార్జీ దేశాయ్).
  • Submitted its report in August 1978.
  • However, the report was not implemented because the Janata government collapsed in 1979, and Morarji Desai resigned.
  • The committee was established to recommend measures for the revitalization of Panchayati Raj institutions.

  Key Recommendations:

  1. Replace the three-tier system with a two-tier system (రెండంచెల పంచాయతీరాజ్ వ్యవస్థ):
     • Mandal Parishad (మండల పరిషత్) at the mandal level.
     • Zilla Parishad (జిల్లా పరిషత్) at the district level. (Gram Panchayat was to be abolished.)
  2. Panchayati Raj institutions should have a four-year term (instead of five).
  3. Political parties should participate in Panchayati Raj elections.
  4. Population of 1500-2000 for each Mandal Parishad.
  5. Establishment of Nyaya Panchayats (న్యాయ పంచాయతీలు) to handle disputes.
  6. Constitutional status for Panchayati Raj institutions.
  7. Financial resources for Panchayati Raj institutions.

  Although the Ashok Mehta Committee's recommendations were not implemented at the national level, some states like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh adopted them.

• Dantwala Committee (దంతవాల కమిటీ) - 1978

  • Also formed by the Morarji Desai government.
  • Focus: Recommendations for block-level planning (బ్లాక్ స్థాయి ప్రణాళికీకరణ).

  Key Recommendations:

  1. Block should be the unit of planning (not the district or state).
  2. Direct election of the Sarpanch (సర్పంచ్).

• C.H. Hanumantha Rao Committee (సి.హెచ్.హనుమంతరావు కమిటీ) - 1984

  • Focus: Recommendations for district-level planning (జిల్లా స్థాయి ప్రణాళికీకరణ).

  Key Recommendations:

  1. District should be the unit of planning.
  2. Establishment of a District Planning Board.
  3. The District Collector should play a key role in district administration.

• G.V.K. Rao Committee (జి.వి.కె.రావు కమిటీ) - 1985

  • Focus: Rural development, poverty alleviation, and administrative arrangements.

  Key Recommendations:

  1. District should be the unit of planning.
  2. Establishment of a District Development Officer (DDO) position.
  3. The District Collector should be the chairman of the Zilla Parishad.

• L.M. Singhvi Committee (ఎల్.ఎం.సింఘ్వి కమిటీ)

  Will be discussed in next concept.

winners Local Bodies - History (British Period and Independence Movement)

Local Bodies (స్థానిక సంస్థలు)

British Period (continued)

3. British Period (బ్రిటిష్ వాళ్ళ కాలం)

   • 1687: Madras Municipal Corporation Established.
   • 1772: Collector system introduced by Warren Hastings (for tax collection).
   • 1813: Charter Act - Local bodies given power to levy taxes.
   • 1870: Lord Mayo - Resolution for financial decentralization (not implemented).
   • 1882: Lord Ripon - Established the three-tier Panchayati Raj system.

     • Village level: Gram Panchayathi
     • Mandal level: Mandal Parishad
     • District level: Zilla Parishad

     Lord Ripon is considered the "Father of Local Self-Government in India."

   • 1907: Royal Commission (రాయల్ కమిషన్): The British government appointed the Royal Commission, chaired by Charles Hobhouse (చార్లెస్ హబ్ హౌస్), to study and recommend improvements to the Panchayati Raj system.

     The key recommendations were:

     • Direct election of representatives (ప్రతినిధులు) of Panchayati Raj institutions by the people.
     • Transfer of primary education (ప్రాథమిక విద్య) management to local bodies.
   • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919 (మాంటేగ్ చెమ్స్‌ఫార్డ్ సంస్కరణలు) also known as Council Act 1909.

     • Local bodies were placed in the transferred list (ట్రాన్స్ఫర్డ్ లిస్ట్) of the state list (రాష్ట్ర జాబితా). This meant that the responsibility for local bodies was given to ministers in the provinces who were accountable to the legislative councils.
   • Government of India Act, 1935 (భారత ప్రభుత్వ చట్టం): This act placed local bodies entirely within the state list (రాష్ట్ర జాబితా). This further strengthened the provincial autonomy over local governance.

4. During the Independence Movement (స్వతంత్ర ఉద్యమం కాలం)

   • Experiments in Social Development (సమాజ వికాస ప్రయోగాలు): Several individuals conducted experiments to promote local development and awareness.

     • Gurgaon Experiment (గుర్గావ్ ప్రయోగం) - 1920: Conducted by F.L. Brayne (ఎఫ్.ఐ.బ్రెయిన్) in Gurgaon district, Punjab.
     • Marthandam Experiment (మార్తాండం ప్రయోగం): Conducted by Spencer Hatch (స్పెన్సర్ హార్చ్) in Marthandam, Kerala (originally mentioned as Tamil Nadu in the source - this has been corrected). This involved working with the YMCA to educate local youth.
     • Sriniketan Experiment (శ్రీనికేతన్ ప్రయోగం): Conducted by Rabindranath Tagore (రవీంద్రనాథ్ ఠాగూర్) in Bengal at Shantiniketan University (శాంతినికేతన్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం), focusing on self-reliance and self-respect.
     • Baroda Experiment (బరోడా ప్రయోగం): Conducted by V.T. Krishnamachari (వి.టి.కృష్ణమాచారి), the Diwan (Prime Minister) of the princely state of Baroda.
     • Sevagram Experiment (సేవాగ్రామ్ ప్రయోగం) - 1933: Conducted by Mahatma Gandhi (మహాత్మా గాంధీ) in Wardha district, Maharashtra, focusing on basic education and community development.
     • Firka Experiment (ఫిర్కా ప్రయోగం) - 1946: Conducted by Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu (టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం పంతులు) in the Madras Presidency. "Firka" refers to a group of villages.
     • Etawah Experiment (ఇటావ ప్రయోగం) - 1948: Conducted by Albert Mayer (ఆల్బర్ట్ మేయర్) in Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh.
     • Nilokheri Experiment (నీలోకరి ప్రయోగం) - 1948: Conducted by S.K. Dey (ఎస్.కె.డే) in Nilokheri, Haryana, focused on rehabilitating refugees after the partition and providing them with engineering skills.
   • Community Development Programme (CDP) - 1952: Introduced on October 2, 1952, with financial assistance from the Ford Foundation (USA). It aimed at holistic development of all aspects of society. It was initially implemented in 55 blocks, later expanded. Each block contained about 100 villages and 70,000 people. A Block Development Officer (BDO) oversaw each block, supported by Extension Services Officers.
   • National Extension Service Scheme (NESS) 1953: Introduced on October 2, 1953. It was a continuation of the CDP to further cover more areas that were not covered by CDP.

Review of CDP and NESS

• Both schemes were considered failures in implementation, although they did create awareness about development among the people.
• The main reason for failure was a lack of funds.
• Bureaucratic overreach and lack of focus on any single area also contributed.
• Illiteracy and lack of political awareness were also factors.

Committees on Panchayati Raj Institutions

• Balwant Rai Mehta Committee-1957 was formed by the National Development Council(NDC) in January 1957, Balwant Rai Mehta committee reported to NDC in November 1957. NDC accepted the report in January 1958. The recommendations made by Balwant Rai Mehta Committee are

  • Establish a three-tier Panchayati Raj system.
  • Panchayati Raj institutions should have a five-year term.
  • Political parties should not participate in Panchayati Raj elections.
  • Gram Panchayat elections should be direct, while Mandal Parishad and Zilla Parishad elections should be indirect.
  • The Zilla Parishad chairman should be the District Collector.
  • Financial resources should be provided to Panchayati Raj institutions.

  Following these recommendations, Rajasthan became the first state in India to implement the three-tier Panchayati Raj system. The second state was Undivided Andhra Pradesh.

• Ashok Mehta Committee - This will be discussed later.

winners Local Bodies - British Period

Local Bodies (స్థానిక సంస్థలు)

British Period (బ్రిటిష్ వాళ్ళ కాలం)

This section discusses the history of Panchayati Raj institutions (Local Bodies) during the British rule in India.

1. 1687: The British established the Madras Municipal Corporation (మద్రాస్ మున్సిపాల్ కార్పొరేషన్). This was the *first* municipal corporation in India. It was created primarily to provide services to foreign traders, not for the benefit of the Indian population.
2. 1772: Bengal Governor Warren Hastings (వారెన్ హేస్టింగ్స్) introduced the Collector System (కలెక్టర్ వ్యవస్థ). The main purpose of the Collector system at this time was tax collection (పన్ను వసూలు).
3. Charter Act of 1813 (1813 చార్టర్ చట్టం): This act granted local bodies the power to levy taxes (పన్నులు వేసే అవకాశం). This was the first time local bodies were given this authority.
4. 1870: Lord Mayo (లార్డ్ మేయో), the then Viceroy of India, proposed a resolution for financial decentralization (ఆర్థిక వికేంద్రీకరణ) to provide financial resources to local bodies. However, this resolution was not implemented because Lord Mayo was assassinated.
5. 1882: Lord Ripon (లార్డ్ రిప్పన్), the then Viceroy, proposed and established a three-tier Panchayati Raj system (మూడంచెల పంచాయతీరాజ్ వ్యవస్థ). This system included:

   • Gram Panchayat (గ్రామ పంచాయతీ) at the village level.
   • Mandal Parishad (మండల పరిషత్) at the block/mandal level.
   • Zilla Parishad (జిల్లా పరిషత్) at the district level.

   Because of this, Lord Ripon is considered the "Father of Local Self-Government in India" (భారతదేశంలో స్థానిక సంస్థల పితామహుడు).
6. 1907: Royal Commission (రాయల్ కమిషన్): The British government appointed the Royal Commission, chaired by Charles Hobhouse (చార్లెస్ హబ్ హౌస్), to study and recommend improvements to the Panchayati Raj system.

   The key recommendations were:

   • Direct election of representatives (ప్రతినిధులు) of Panchayati Raj institutions by the people.
   • Transfer of primary education (ప్రాథమిక విద్య) management to local bodies.
7. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919 (మాంటేగ్ చెమ్స్‌ఫార్డ్ సంస్కరణలు) also known as Council Act 1909.

   • Local bodies were placed in the transferred list (ట్రాన్స్ఫర్డ్ లిస్ట్) of the state list (రాష్ట్ర జాబితా). This meant that the responsibility for local bodies was given to ministers in the provinces who were accountable to the legislative councils.
8. Government of India Act, 1935 (భారత ప్రభుత్వ చట్టం): This act placed local bodies entirely within the state list (రాష్ట్ర జాబితా). This further strengthened the provincial autonomy over local governance.

winners local bodies 2

Local Bodies (స్థానిక సంస్థలు)

Features of Local Bodies (లక్షణాలు)

1. In countries following a unitary form of government (ఏక కేంద్ర ప్రభుత్వ విధానం), the central government establishes local bodies. In countries with a federal system (సమఖ్య తరహా ప్రభుత్వ విధానం), state governments establish them.
2. Even if state governments are dissolved, local bodies continue to function. Therefore, they are sometimes called "government within the government" or "Imperia in Imperium".
3. Local bodies' functions are limited to specific geographical areas.

Historical Background (చరిత్ర)

The history of local bodies can be broadly divided into two periods:

1. Before Independence (స్వతంత్రానికి పూర్వం)
2. After Independence (స్వతంత్రం వచ్చిన తర్వాత)

Before Independence

This period can be further categorized as follows:

1. Ancient Period (ప్రాచీన కాలం)

• Rigvedic Period: The Rigveda mentions assemblies called "Sabha" (సభ) and "Samiti" (సమితి), which functioned as local bodies and managed local administration. Voters (వయోజనులు) elected Samiti members, who in turn elected Sabha members. The head of the Sabha was called "Rajen" (రాజన్) or "Raju" (రాజు).
• Indus Valley Civilization: The main feature of the Indus Valley Civilization was its urban planning (నగర ప్రణాళిక). They had features like well-planned cities, underground drainage, and swimming pools.
• Kautilya's Arthashastra: Kautilya's Arthashastra describes local bodies. He states the people in those areas used to pay the taxes without any delay. He mentioned that were 2 types of courts. They are

  1. Dharmasthiya (ధర్మస్థియ): Dealt with Civil Cases.
  2. Kantaka Shodhana (కంటక శోధన): Dealt with Criminal Cases.
• Chandragupta Maurya's Time: During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, his ambassador Megasthenes (మెగస్తనీస్) wrote the book "Indica" (ఇండికా). In this book, he described the city planning of Pataliputra (పాటలీపుత్ర).

  Megasthenes wrote that Pataliputra was administered by six committees, each with five members (Panchas - పంచాస్).

• Kamandakudu's Neetisaram (కామాంధకుడు - నీతిసారం): Kamandakudu, in his book "Neetisaram," also mentions local bodies. He describes how fathers would give their daughters in marriage to men who were part of local bodies, signifying their importance.
• Chola Period (చోళుల కాలం): Considered a golden age (స్వర్ణ యుగం) for local bodies. The Uttaramerur (ఉత్తర మేరూర్) inscription of Parantaka I (మొదటి పరాంతక చోళుడు) provides details about the local bodies. It mentions that representatives were elected through a secret system (రహస్య విధానం) using pots (కుండలు) as ballot boxes (బ్యాలెట్ బాక్సులు) and palm leaves (తాటేకుల) as ballot papers.

2. Medieval Period (మధ్య యుగం)

• Ruled by Delhi Sultans and Mughals. They were foreigners.
• Kotwal and Munsab: These two positions were officials. These two are non-Indians. they gave more importance to collecting revenue than administering.

3.British Period

This will be discussed in next video

winners local bodies

Local Bodies (స్థానిక సంస్థలు)

Let's discuss Local Bodies. This is how we need to study them. How many marks can we expect, for example in Group 2 level, 4-5 can be expected, for other exams 1-2 marks can be expected

We need to go through this concept thoroughly

If we are thorough with the constitutional aspects, we can score well. First, we need to understand what Local Bodies are, the historical context, and the benefits of establishing them.

Benefits of Local Bodies

1. Decentralization of Governance (పరిపాలన వికేంద్రీకరణ) / Democratic Decentralization (ప్రజాస్వామ్య వికేంద్రీకరణ): This is a primary benefit. Local Bodies facilitate the distribution of power and resources from higher levels (central or state government) to the local level.

   It's expressed as:

   \[ \text{Democratic Decentralization} = \text{Distribution of (Powers + Resources + Responsibilities)} \]

   from higher levels to lower levels.

2. Increased Public Participation (ప్రజల భాగస్వామ్యాన్ని పెంపొందించడం): Local Bodies provide a platform for citizens to directly participate in governance and decision-making. This is often referred to as "Participatory Democracy."
3. Efficient Delivery of Government Schemes (ప్రభుత్వ పథకాలను ప్రజలకు అందించడం) Local Bodies help deliver government schemes directly to beneficiaries in a more efficient and accessible way.
4. Leadership Training Grounds (న్యాయకత్వ శిక్షణాలయాలు): They serve as training grounds for future leaders, providing experience in governance at the grassroots level. The example provided is of Venkaiah Naidu.
5. Representation for Certain Groups (కొన్ని వర్గాల ప్రజలకి ప్రాతినిధ్యం) Local Bodies ensure representation for marginalized groups like SCs, STs, BCs, and women through reservations.
6. Resource Assessment and Utilization (స్థానికంగా ఉండే వనరులను అంచనా వేసి ఉపయోగించుకోవడం): They allow for assessment and effective utilization of local resources. For example, using village ponds for fish farming and auctioning the rights, or using income from trees on village land.
7. Bridge Between Government and People (ప్రభుత్వానికి ప్రజలకు మధ్య వారధి) Local bodies act as an intermediary between the government and the people, ensuring that people's issues are addressed and government schemes are delivered effectively.
8. Reduced Burden on Higher Levels of Government (ప్రభుత్వం పై ఒత్తిడిని తగ్గిస్తాయి) By handling local issues, they reduce the administrative burden on the state and central governments.

Types of Local Bodies

There are two main types:

1. Panchayati Raj Institutions (పంచాయతీరాజ్ సంస్థలు): for Rural areas.
2. Urban Local Bodies (పట్టణ సంస్థలు): for Urban areas.

Panchayati Raj Institutions (3-Tier System)

Level	Institution
Village Level (గ్రామ స్థాయిలో)	Gram Panchayat (గ్రామ పంచాయతీ)
Block/Mandal Level (మండల స్థాయిలో)	Mandal Parishad (మండల పరిషత్) / Block / Samiti
District Level (జిల్లా స్థాయిలో)	Zilla Parishad (జిల్లా పరిషత్)

Urban Local Bodies (3-Tier System)

Level	Institution
Transitional Area	Nagar Panchayat (నగర పంచాయతీ)
Smaller Urban Area	Municipality (మున్సిపాలిటీ)
Larger Urban Area	Municipal Corporation (మున్సిపాల్ కార్పొరేషన్)

Nagar Panchayats are formed with 25000 population with more than 75% working in non agriculture sector and more than 400 \( / km^2 \) population density.

Municipalities are for 25000- 3 lakh population. More than 3 lakh population leads to Municipal Corporation.

Constitutional Provisions

• 7th Schedule: Deals with the division of powers (అధికారాల పంపిణీ) between the Union and the States. It contains three lists:
  1. Union List (కేంద్ర జాబితా) currently having 98 items.
  2. State List (రాష్ట్ర జాబితా) currently having 59 items.
  3. Concurrent List (ఉమ్మడి జాబితా) currently having 52 items.
• Panchayati Raj Institutions are granted powers over 29 subjects.
• Urban Local Bodies are granted powers over 18 subjects.

Reservations in Local Bodies

Category	Reservation
SC/ST	Based on their population proportion
BC	Reservation percentage determined by the respective State Legislature.
Women	Not less than 1/3rd (one-third) of the total seats. In many states like AP and Telangana, it's 50%.

winners vice president

The Vice President of India: A Detailed Summary

I. Introduction and Purpose

*   The office of the Vice President (VP) exists primarily to ensure the Presidency is *never* vacant.  Presidential assent is required for legislation, making continuous leadership crucial.

*   The VP serves as *Acting President* temporarily if the President's office falls vacant for any reason.

II. Origins and Constitutional Basis

*   **B.N. Rau's Initial Draft:** The original constitutional draft by B.N. Rau did *not* include a Vice President. He proposed a *commission* consisting of the Rajya Sabha Chairman, the Lok Sabha Speaker, and the Chief Justice of India to fulfill Presidential duties in case of a vacancy.

*   **H.V. Kamath's Advocacy:** H.V. Kamath, a member of the Constituent Assembly, strongly advocated for a Vice President, drawing inspiration from the United States system.

*   **Constitutional Inclusion:**  The Vice President's office was incorporated into the Indian Constitution.

*   **Articles 63-69 (Part V):** These articles comprehensively define the Vice President's role, election, powers, and removal.

III. Key Articles and Roles

*   **Article 63:** Establishes the office of the Vice President.  The VP is the *second citizen* of India (the President is the first).

*   **Order of Precedence:** The VP holds the second position in the official order of precedence.

IV. Election Process (Article 66)

*   **Electoral College:** The VP is elected by an *Electoral College*, not directly by the people.

    *   **Composition:**

        *   *Lok Sabha:* All members are *elected* (nominated member provisions were removed by the 104th Constitutional Amendment in 2020).

        *   *Rajya Sabha:* Includes both *elected* and *nominated* members.

    *   In essence, the VP is elected by *Members of Parliament*.

*   **Method:** Proportional Representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote system.

*   **Election Commission of India:** Conducts the election.

*   **Supreme Court:** Resolves any election disputes.

V. Qualifications and Disqualifications (Article 66)

*   **Qualifications:**

    *   Must be a citizen of India.

    *   Must be at least 35 years old.

    *   Must not hold any office of profit under the Central or State governments.

    *   Must deposit ₹15,000 (refundable if the candidate receives 1/6th of the valid votes polled).

    *   Must be proposed by 20 members of the Electoral College and seconded by another 20 members (40 total, and the proposers and seconders must be different individuals).

    *   Must be registered as a voter anywhere in India.

    *   Must meet any other qualifications prescribed by Parliament.

*   **Disqualifications:** Are generally the opposites of the qualifications.

VI. Term, Resignation, and Removal (Article 67)

*   **Term:** Five years from the date of assuming office.

*   **Continuation:** The VP *can continue* in office beyond five years *until a successor is elected*, even if their term has formally expired.

*   **Resignation:** The VP submits their resignation to the *President*.

*   **Removal:**

    *   The Constitution *does not specify* the precise grounds for removal.

    *   In practice, removal usually follows "violation of the Constitution" or similar grounds.

    *   **Procedure (Article 92):**

        *   The removal resolution *must originate in the Rajya Sabha*.

        *   At least 50 Rajya Sabha members must sign the resolution.

        *   14 days' notice must be given to the Rajya Sabha Chairman (who is the VP).

        *   The VP *cannot preside* over Rajya Sabha sessions while facing removal.

        *   The VP *can participate* in the discussions on the removal resolution.

        *   The VP *cannot vote* on the removal resolution.

        *   **Rajya Sabha:** Requires an *effective majority* to pass the removal resolution.  (Effective majority means a majority of the *then* strength of the house, i.e., total strength minus vacancies).

        *   **Lok Sabha:** Requires a *simple majority* to approve the resolution after it is passed by the Rajya Sabha.

        *   If *either* house rejects the resolution, the removal process fails.

VII. Oath of Office (Article 69)

*   The Vice President takes the oath of office before the *President*.

VIII. Powers and Functions

*   **Article 64:** The Vice President is the *ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha*.

    *   Important: The VP is *not* a member of the Rajya Sabha, but acts as its Chairman by virtue of their office (ex-officio).

*   **Article 65:** The Vice President acts as *Acting President* in case of a vacancy in the President's office.  There are two distinct scenarios:

    *   **Acting President:**  This applies when the Presidency is vacant due to:

        *   Death

        *   Resignation

        *   Removal

        *   Election declared void

        *   President declared incapable by a court

    *   **Discharging the Functions of the President:** This applies when the President is *temporarily* unable to carry out their duties due to:

        *   Illness

        *   Absence (e.g., foreign travel)

    *   In *both* cases, the VP takes the *Presidential oath* and receives all Presidential benefits and emoluments.

    *   Crucially, the VP *cannot be subjected to a removal resolution* while acting as President.

*  **Article 68**: Election of new VP should begin *before* the current VP's term ends.  If the VP's office falls vacant, a new VP should be elected "as soon as possible".

* **Other Powers and Functions:**

    *   **Chancellor of Central Universities:**  The VP serves as the Chancellor of all Central Universities in India (except Delhi Central University, where the Chief Justice of India is the Chancellor). The VP appoints the Vice-Chancellors of these universities.

    *   **Chairman of Award Committees:**  The VP chairs the committees that recommend recipients for national awards like the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri.

    *   **Powers as Rajya Sabha Chairman:**

        *   *Prior Approval for Bills:* Any bill to be introduced in the Rajya Sabha requires the prior approval of the Chairman (the VP).

        *   *Casting Vote:*  If there is a tie on any resolution or bill in the Rajya Sabha, the Chairman has a *casting vote* to break the tie.  This is unlike a regular vote; it's only used to resolve a deadlock.

        *   *Disqualification under Anti-Defection Law:* The Chairman has the power to disqualify members of the Rajya Sabha under the provisions of the anti-defection law (Schedule 10 of the Constitution).

        *   *Suspension of Members:*  The Chairman can suspend members of the Rajya Sabha for disrupting the proceedings of the House.

        *   *Adjournment:*  The Chairman can *adjourn* the Rajya Sabha (meaning to postpone the sitting to a specific future time and date).

        *   *Adjournment Sine Die:* The Chairman can adjourn the Rajya Sabha *sine die* (meaning to adjourn the sitting *indefinitely*, without setting a date for the next meeting). This usually happens when there's significant disruption.

        *   *Allocation of Seats:* The Chairman allocates seats to different political parties in the Rajya Sabha. They also allocate seats to "unattached members" (independent candidates and members suspended by their parties).

IX. Salary and Allowances

*   There is *no specific salary* for the *office* of the Vice President.

*   The Vice President receives a salary and allowances in their capacity as the *ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha*.

*   **Article 97:**  The *Parliament* determines the salary and allowances of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha).

*   **Current Salary:** ₹4 lakh per month.

*   **Tax Exemption:** The salary is *not* subject to income tax.

*   **Source of Funds:** The salary is paid from the *Consolidated Fund of India*.

*   **Judicial Review:** The Supreme Court *cannot* conduct judicial review of the Vice President's salary.

*   **Reduction:**  The salary can *only* be reduced during a *National Financial Emergency*.

*   **Pension:**  After retirement, the Vice President receives a pension equal to 50% of their salary.

*   **Other Benefits:**  The retired Vice President also receives free accommodation and other facilities.

X. List of Vice Presidents of India and Key Facts

*   **(Detailed list from original transcription would be inserted here)**

*   **Two-Term Vice Presidents:** Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Hamid Ansari.

*   **Shortest Tenure:** V.V. Giri.

*   **Died in Office:** Krishan Kant.

*   **Resigned from Office:** V.V. Giri.

*   **Current Vice President (as of May 2022):** M. Venkaiah Naidu (Note: This would need updating).

*   **Chief Justice and Acting President:** Mohammad Hidayatullah served as Chief Justice of India, Acting President, and Vice President.

*   **First Dalit Vice President:** K.R. Narayanan.

XI. Books Written by Vice Presidents

*   **Hamid Ansari:** "Citizen and Society"

*   **M. Venkaiah Naidu:** "Moving On, Moving Forward: A Year in Office"

XII. Vice Presidents Who Became President

*   **(Detailed list from original transcription would be inserted here)**

XIII. Vice Presidents Who Did NOT Become President

*   **(Detailed list from original transcription would be inserted here)**

XIV. Vice Presidents Who Served as Acting President

    * V. V. Giri

    * Mohammad Hidayatullah

    * B. D. Jatti

XV. Comparison to Prince of Wales

*    Dr. B.R. Ambedkar compared the Vice President of India to the Prince of Wales (heir to the British throne), because just like the Prince of Wales becomes King/Queen if the throne is vacant, so to the VP will act as President if the President is absent.