This Act paved the way for dual rule of the East India Company in India.
1. Board of Control : Six members of the 'Board of Control' will supervise the general administrative affairs of the East India Company in India.
2. Court of Directors: Controls the trade and commerce matters of the company in India.
Foundation for non-parliamentary control.
1793 Charter Act (Cornwallis):
This Act extended the rule of the East India Company in India for another 20 years.
This Act legalized municipalities.
The Governor-General was given the veto power to reject the resolutions of the Council.
Full authority was given to the Governor-General of Bengal over the presidencies of Bombay and Madras and the military governments.
1813 Charter Act (Lord Minto - I):
Christian missionaries were allowed to propagate religion and spread education. (1814 AD)
One lakh rupees was allocated for primary education for the first time. Chairman - "Charles Wood"
Local bodies were given the power to levy taxes.
The monopoly of the Company on trade was abolished (except for tea and trade with China) and every British citizen was given the opportunity to trade, thus changing the Company into a purely administrative body.
Indians were given opportunities in government jobs.
1833 Charter Act (William Bentinck):
The Company's rule was extended for another 20 years.
The name of the Governor-General of Bengal was changed to Governor-General of India. (British India Governor General)
The first Governor-General of India - Lord William Bentinck. He was the first British India Governor General of EIC.
Known as the Saint Helena Act.
Introduction of English education system.
The number of members in the Governor-General's Executive Branch was increased to four again.
Opportunity was given to a person with expertise in law in the executive branch.
Restrictions on tea and trade with China were removed.
The first Law Commission was established (1834)
Note:
1) Chairman of the First Law Commission – Lord Macaulay (in 1833).
2) Chairman of the First Law Commission formed in Independent India - M.C. Setalvad (1955).
3) Currently, the 21st Law Commission Chairman is Balbir Singh Chauhan.
Balbir Singh Chauhan is also serving as the Chairman of the Cauvery River Water Disputes Tribunal. Its term will be completed in August 2020.
4) J.L. Kapoor and Gajendra Gadkar have served as chairman of the Law Commission twice.
5) The Law Commission is a statutory and advisory body.
6) The term of office of the Chairman and members of the Law Commission is 3 years.
Civil Service (Indians were given opportunities in company jobs. But due to the opposition of the Board of Directors, its implementation was stopped.)
This Act is described as the final step towards centralized rule in India.
Slavery was abolished in India. But it did not come into force due to the opposition of Lord Ellenborough.
Indian Polity 8
1853 Charter Act (Dalhousie):
The last Charter Act introduced during the East India Company's rule. The company was not allowed a 20-year term.
The Governor-General was given extensive powers.
The Company can trade in India until the British Parliament decides.
The number of members of the Executive Council was increased to 12.
The first Legislative Council was formed. This is compared to the current Lok Sabha.
Giving opportunity to merit system in India, opportunity was given for open competition in civil service jobs.
The legislative and executive powers of the Governor-General were separated. Thus, it laid the foundation for the parliamentary form of government in the country.
The Macaulay Committee on Civil Services was appointed in 1854.
According to this, competitive examinations have been conducted for Indians since 1855.
Conducted for the first time in 1854-1855.
Various Law Commissions drafted the Civil Procedure Code (1859), Indian Penal Code (1860) and Criminal Procedure Code (1861) through recommendations.
1858 Government of India Act:
With the Sepoy Mutiny, the Company's rule in India ended and the direct rule of the Emperor/Empress began.
On 1 November 1858, the British Queen issued a proclamation taking over the administration of India. This is called the Proclamation of Queen Victoria.
This proclamation is described as the Magna Carta for the freedom and independence of the Indian people.
This proclamation was announced by Lord Canning at Allahabad on 1 November 1858.
The highest official who worked both during the Company's rule and during the British government's rule - Lord Canning.
According to this Act, India will be ruled in the name of the British Queen.
The status of Governor-General of India was changed to Viceroy of India.
The first Viceroy of India was Lord Canning.
The posts of Governor-General of India and Viceroy of India were created.
Queen Victoria described this Act as the Magna Carta for the freedom and independence of the Indian people.
T.B. Macaulay described this Act as a 'law to establish wise autocracy'.
The post of 'Secretary of State for India' was created through this Act.
Note:
1) The first Secretary of State for India - Lord Stanley.
2) Lord Stanley served as a temporary secretary.
3) The first full-time secretary - Charles Wood
(1859-65).
Proposal (A): In 1858, the British Parliament released a new Act. Powers were transferred from the East India Company to the British Queen.
Reason (R): The objective of this Act was to conduct Indian affairs with more responsibility.
(1) AP Constable (Prelims) - 2016
1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
3) (A) is true but (R) is false
4) (A) is false but (R) is true
Indian Polity 9
Note:
1) Brought a form to civil services in India
- Cornwallis
2) Wood's Despatch is like a Magna Carta for English education in India
- Wood's Despatch
3) The person who directed the direction of English education in India - Lord Macaulay
4) British officer 'A.O. Hume' established the Indian National Congress at Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit School in Bombay. - 1885, December 28
5) First President of Indian National Congress - Womesh Chandra Banerjee (W.C. Banerjee)
6) A.O. Hume described the Indian National Congress as a safety valve for British rule in India - A.O. Hume
1861 Council Act (Canning's Discount):
For the first time, three Indian kings were given a chance in the Legislative Council. These are treated as unofficial members.
1) Dinakar Rao (Madras - Landlord)
2) Benaras Dev Narayan Singh
3) Patiala Maharaja Nagendra Singh
Lord Canning's portfolio system introduced in our country was legalized.
* Portfolio means allocation of ministerial portfolios.
* Portfolio system was established in 1859.
Proposed the establishment of three High Courts for the first time.
* Accordingly, High Courts were established in Calcutta, Mumbai and Madras in 1862. The 4th High Court was established in Allahabad in 1866.
Legislative Councils were established in Bengal, Madras and Bombay to make laws.
The Governor-General was given veto and ordinance powers.
Budget system was introduced.
New Legislative Councils were established in Bengal, Punjab and North-West Frontier Provinces.
Lord Canning was the Viceroy of India when the 1861 Council Act was formulated.
Ordinance means 'order'. It has the same value as ordinary laws.
The number of members in the Governor General's Executive Council was increased from 4 to 5.
1892 Council Act (Lord Lansdowne):
The first Council Act made after the formation of the Indian National Congress.
Indirect election system was introduced.
The number of members in the Governor General's Executive Branch was increased from 5 to 6.
The number of members in the Central Legislature should not be less than 10 and not more than 16; Similarly, the number of members in the state legislatures was regulated to be not less than 8 and not more than 20.
Opportunity was given to discuss the budget and other matters in the Central Legislature.
The process of selection of representatives was introduced for the first time in our country (indirect election)
The Governor-General was given the power to nominate 6 Indians to the Central Legislature.
Prominent Indians nominated to the Central Legislature -
1) Gopalakrishna Gokhale
2) Surendranath Banerjee
3) Feroze Shah Mehta
4) Ras Bihari Ghosh
5) Dadabhai Naoroji
6) Bilgrami
Indian Councils Act 1909 or Minto-Morley Reforms:
The main purpose of this Act was to correct the shortcomings of the 1892 Council Act and to counter the extremist nationalism.
This Act was suggested by Lord Morley, Secretary of State for India, and Minto, Viceroy of India.
The Central Legislative Council was renamed as Imperial Legislative Council.
The number of members of the Central Legislative Assembly was increased from 16 to 60.
Indian Polity 10
Known as the Communal Act.
The number of members in the Governor-General's Viceroy's Executive Council was increased to 8 and an Indian was given an opportunity.
The first Indian to be appointed as a Council member - Satyendra Prasad Sinha, "First Law Member".
The number of members in the Legislative Councils of Madras, Bengal, United Provinces, Bihar and Orissa states was increased to 50.
Membership in Punjab, Assam and Burma was increased to 30.
Separate constituencies were created for Muslims on a communal basis in India. In these constituencies, Muslim members were given the opportunity to be elected only by Muslims.
This Act gave legal status to communalism.
This Act was compared to moonlight, the shadow of the real form.
Note:
1) Lord Minto is described as the 'Father of Communal Constituencies'.
2) Jawaharlal Nehru stated that this Act created barriers for Hindus and Muslims through separate constituencies and paved the way for the partition of India.
Important events that took place between 1909 - 1919:
1911 Bengal Partition Cancellation.
Note:
1) Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905.
2) 1906 - 'Muslim League' was formed under the leadership of Dhaka Nawab Salimullah Ali brothers.
3) 1907- The 'Surat split' occurred between the extremists and the moderates in the Indian National Congress.
4) Lord Hardinge-2, who canceled the partition of Bengal in 1911.
1913 - The Ghadar Party was established in San Francisco, USA.
* Key people in the establishment of the Ghadar Party - Lala Har Dayal, Sohan Singh Bhakna
* Ghadar means revolution.
* The only Telugu person who joined the Ghadar Party was Darshi Chenchaiah.
1915 - Gopalakrishna Gokhale passed away.
1916 - Gandhiji established the Sabarmati Ashram.
1916 - Home Rule Movement - Annie Besant.
1916 - Reconciliation of extremists and moderates in Lucknow
1916 - Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim Leagues.
1917 - Champaran Satyagraha.
1918 - Ahmedabad Mill Workers Strike.
Rowlatt Act (1919):
The English judge who formulated this Act- Rowlatt.
Those who described the Rowlatt Act as Black Acts - Mahatma Gandhi.
According to this Act, Indians can be detained at any time.
Which of the following statements are correct? (2)
(TC - PC 2016)
A) The Indian Councils Act 1909 introduced the principle of elections for the first time.
B) The Government of India Act 1919 allocated separate constituencies for Sikhs.
C) The Government of India Act 1935 gave special representation to Anglo-Indians.
D) The Indian Councils Act 1892 reduced the functions of the Legislative Council.
1) A, B and D 2) B and C 3) A and D 4) C and D
1919 Government of India Act (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms):
The main inspiration for making this Act - Montagu's statement on August 20, 1917 during the Home Rule Movement.
Chelmsford was the Viceroy and Montagu was the Secretary when this Act was made.
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Dyarchy was introduced in the states. According to this, the lists were divided into Central List (47 items) and Provincial Lists (51 items). The items in the Provincial List were divided into Reserved and Transferred items. 28 most important items were included in the Reserved List and powers were given to the Executive Council with the Governor and British officials as members. 22 less important items were included in the Transferred List and powers were given to the Council with the Governor and Indian ministers and members. Bicameral system was introduced at the centre. They are - A) Council of States - 60 members (34 elected) - Their term is 5 years. B) Central Legislative Assembly - 144 members (104 elected) - Their term is 3 years. The post of Chairman was created to conduct the meetings of the Legislative Assembly.
Note:
1) The first person to become Chairman (Speaker) in this way – Frederick White (1921-25) by appointment.
2) Sachchidananda Sinha was appointed as Deputy Chairman.
3) Vithalbhai Patel, the first person to be elected as Chairman (Indian and belonged to Swaraj Party)
The posts of Public Accounts Committee and Accountant General were created.
Public Accounts Committee:
1) The Public Accounts Committee was formed in 1921 and has been functioning since 1923.
2) Its first chairman was W.M. Hailey.
3) Currently, the PAC Chairman is Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury (Congress).
Public Service Commission:
1) Vincent Lee Commission (1923) recommended the establishment of the Public Service Commission in 1926.
2) Its first chairman was Ross Barker.
Railway Budget was separated from the General Budget.
Railway Budget:
1) In 1921, the Acworth Committee recommended separating the Railway Budget from the General Budget.
2) However, recently in 2017, the Railway Budget was merged with the General Budget on the recommendation of the NITI Aayog member Bibek Debroy Committee.
The post of 'High Commissioner of India' was created in Britain to oversee Indian affairs and revenue administration.
Separate constituencies were to be allocated to Sikhs, Christians and Anglo-Indians along with Muslims.
This Act introduced direct election system for the first time.
Limited franchise was given on the basis of property tax payment and education.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak criticized this Act as unsatisfactory, disappointing and a morning without sun.
The Swaraj Party demanded a review of the 1919 Act and the Labor Party government in Britain appointed the Muddiman Commission in 1924. But the Conservative Party came to power in Britain and called it back.
Note:
1) Bal Gangadhar Tilak described the 1919 Act as a morning without sun.
2) 'Every culprit who commits a crime when crime is power is a culprit' - Mahatma Gandhi referred to the 1919 Act
3) Act followed until the federal aspect of the Indian Constitution came into force - 1919 Government of India Act
"1924" committee formed to examine the elements of the 1919 Act - Alexander Muddiman.
Supported dyarchy in the states - Alexander Muddiman Committee
Simon Commission:
The British government appointed this commission when Baldwin was the Prime Minister to review the functioning of the 1919 Act.
This Royal Commission was formed in November 1927 with seven members under the leadership of Sir John Simon.
The Simon Commission visited India in February 1928.
Indian Polity 12
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