Lord Mountbatten Plan (June 03, 1947):
Other names for this plan - Balkan Plan, Dickie Bird Plan, June Third Plan
This plan can be described as a model for the Indian Independence Act.
This plan was formulated by the Governor-General, Lord Mountbatten.
Mountbatten's plan is also described as follows
(1) (Group 2 Prelims - 2019)
1) June 3 Plan 2) July 14 Plan
3) August 15 Plan 4) September 5 Plan
The Muslim League did not join the interim government and resorted to 'direct action' for the establishment of Pakistan.
This scheme was formulated keeping in view the violence and bloodshed in the country due to direct action (Direct Action).
Mountbatten Recommendations:
- India will be divided into two republics.
- Areas with a Hindu majority will be formed as India and Muslim areas as Pakistan.
- Referendum will be held in disputed areas and decided according to the majority.
- Princely states can merge either with India or Pakistan as per their wish.
- It was decided to merge West Punjab with Pakistan and East Punjab with India.
- The Radcliffe Committee will decide the boundaries between India and Pakistan.
Indian Independence Act - 1947:
With the Labor Party coming to power in Britain, an opportunity arose for favorable decisions for India.
British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, speaking in the House of Commons of the British Parliament on 20 February 1947, announced that India would be granted independence by 30 June 1948.
The Indian Independence Bill was introduced in the British Parliament on 4 July 1947 and was passed by the Parliament on the 15th.
It became law on 18 July 1947 with the signature of British King George-6. This can be said to be the implementation of the Indian Independence Draft Bill / making of the Indian Independence Act.
Key Points :
- British rule in India ended.
- Independence was given by creating two countries, India and Pakistan.
- Pakistan gains independence on 14 August 1947 (Thursday) and India on 15 August 1947 (Friday).
- Freedom was given to the princely states.
- A commission was appointed under the leadership of Radcliffe to decide the boundary line between India and Pakistan.
- Abolition of the posts of Viceroy and Secretary.
- After independence, Lord Mountbatten continued as Governor-General until 21 June 1948.
- Later, C. Rajagopalachari served as the first Indian Governor-General.
- On 24 January 1950, in the last meeting of the Constituent Assembly, Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad was sworn in as the interim President and the post of Governor-General was abolished.
- After independence, the Muslim League members withdrew from the interim cabinet and a cabinet of 14 members was formed with only Indians under the leadership of Nehru.
- Lord Mountbatten administered the oath of office to Nehru as the first Prime Minister of independent India on 15 August 1947.
Indian Polity 18
15 August 1947 First Central Cabinet of Independent India
| Number | Department | Minister |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Prime Minister, Foreign Affairs, Scientific Research, Commonwealth | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| 2. | Deputy Prime Minister, Home Minister, States, Information Ministry Department | Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel |
| 3. | Food, Agriculture Department | Babu Rajendra Prasad |
| 4. | Finance Department | R.K. Shanmugam Chetty |
| 5. | Defense Department | Sardar Baldev Singh |
| 6. | Law Department | Dr. B.R. Ambedkar |
| 7. | Labor Department | Babu Jagjivan Ram |
| 8. | Education Department | Maulana Abul Kalam Azad |
| 9. | Communications | Rafi Ahmed Kidwai |
| 10. | Industries Department | Shyam Prasad Mukherjee |
| 11. | Medical Health Department | Rajkumari Amrit Kaur |
| 12. | Commerce | C.H. Bhabha |
| 13. | Railways, Surface Transport | John Matthai |
| 14. | Mines, Electricity | N.V. Gadgil |
Additional Information:
First Governor-General of Bengal - Warren Hastings (1773)
First Governor-General of British India - William Bentinck (1833)
First Viceroy of India - Lord Canning (1858)
Last Viceroy of India - Lord Mountbatten (1947)
First Governor-General of Independent India - Lord Mountbatten (1947-48)
Second, last and only Indian Governor-General of Independent India - C. Rajagopalachari (1948-50)
First Secretary of India - Charles Wood (1859)
Last Secretary of India - Earl of Listowel – V
British Prime Minister when India got independence - Lord Clement Attlee (Labor Party)
British King who signed the Indian Independence Act - King George-6
President of the Indian National Congress when India got independence - J.B. Kripalani
When the Indian Constitution came into force President of the Indian National Congress - Purushottamdas Tandon
Note:
4th Estate - Press, Media
5th Estate - Social Media
The person who used the term 4th Estate - Edmund Burke
INC did not hold meetings in the context of the Indian Independence Act.
First after independence - "1948 Jaipur" - Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Pakistan:
The person who coined the word Pakistan was Rehmat Ali.
Pakistan means holy land.
The first capital of Pakistan was Karachi and the current capital is Islamabad.
Father of the Nation of Pakistan is Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Dawn is the newspaper with the highest circulation in Pakistan.
The founder of Dawn newspaper - Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
The first Prime Minister of Pakistan - Liaquat Ali Khan.
The number of refugees who came to India from Pakistan after the partition of the country is 8 million (80 lakhs).
Bangladesh:
Father of the Nation of Bangladesh is Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Bangladesh was formed in the year 1971.
The Prime Minister of India in 1971 was Indira Gandhi.
The Defense Minister of India in 1971 - Jagjivan Ram.
The national anthem of Bangladesh - Amar Sonar Bangla. It was written by Vishwakavi Rabindranath Tagore.
Indian Polity 19
2.Constituent Assembly - Making of Indian Constitution
(CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY - MAKING OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION)
The first Constituent Assembly in the world - America, Philadelphia Convention (1787).
The first political party to demand for the Constituent Assembly was the Swaraj Party.
On January 5, 1922, Mahatma Gandhi stated in 'Young India' magazine that Swaraj is not a gift given by the British, but it is the self-expression of the people.
The person who first announced the word Constituent Assembly - M.N. Roy (1934).
The person who first used the word Constituent Assembly was M.N. Roy
The word Swaraj (national independence) was first used by Dadabhai Naoroji
The person who first suggested the concept of Constituent Assembly - Gandhiji
Gandhi stated through the Young India magazine that only through the Constituent Assembly for the construction of the Constitution, the aspirations of the Indian people can be fulfilled. - Gandhi.
On August 10, 1928, the Motilal Nehru Committee submitted its report.
- This report is known as the Nehru Report.
- The Nehru Report can be said to be a constructive effort by Indians for their own constitution.
The person who opposed the 1928 Motilal Nehru Report was Jawaharlal Nehru.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, opposed this report and proposed a 14-point resolution.
When the Congress declared 'Purna Swaraj' as its goal at the Lahore Conference in December 1929, the President of the INC was Jawaharlal Nehru.
The Congress called for celebrating January 26, 1930 as Swarajya Day.
The only INC meeting held in this village. (1936) Faizpur.
In the 1937 Indian National Congress meeting held at Faizpur under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru, the demand for the Constituent Assembly was officially made for the first time.
In 1938, Jawaharlal Nehru proposed that the Constitution of independent India should be formulated by a Constituent Assembly elected by universal suffrage without outside interference.
1938 INC Haripura Conference.
- Subhash Chandra Bose President
Gandhiji mentioned in his Harijan Patrika in 1939 that if the Constituent Assembly was formed among Indians, a solution to the problem of caste and religious groups would be found.
In 1940, the British mentioned the establishment of the 'Constituent Assembly' in principle in the formulation of the August proposals.
In 1942, the British officially promised to establish a Constituent Assembly for the first time through the Cripps proposals.
In 1946, the Constituent Assembly was established as per the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission.
Elections were held for the Constituent Assembly in an indirect manner between June and July 1946.
Elections were held following the single vote transfer formula in the proportional representation system.
Those elected to the provincial legislatures elected the members of the Constituent Assembly.
One member will represent about 10 lakh population from each province.
The total number of members in the Constituent Assembly is 389.
Out of the Constituent Assembly, 292 members were from British-ruled states, 4 members were from Chief Commissioner provinces, and 93 members were nominated from 'princely states'.
Indian Polity 20
Allocation of seats in the Constituent Assembly before the partition of the country
| Number | Region | Number of representatives |
|---|---|---|
| 01 | British Ruled States (11) | 292 |
| 02 | British Ruled Centrally Administered Provinces (04) | 04 |
| 03 | Princely states | 93 |
| Total Seats | 389 |
Note: Chief Commissioner's Provinces or British Centrally Administered Provinces - 1. Delhi 2. Ajmer 3. Mewar 4. Coorg
Constituent Assembly according to political parties - Election results
| Number | Name of the political party | Seats won |
|---|---|---|
| 01 | Muslim League | 73 |
| 02 | Indian National Congress Party | 208 |
| 03 | Others | 15 |
| Total Seats | 296 |
The number of members in the Constituent Assembly before the partition of the country - 389.
The number of members in the Constituent Assembly after the partition of the country - 299.
- Out of these 299 members, the representation from the British-ruled states was - 229.
- After the partition of the country, the representatives belonging to the princely states - 70 members.
The British-ruled state that provided the highest number of members to the Constituent Assembly was the United Provinces (55 members).
The second British-ruled state that provided the highest number of members to the Constituent Assembly was Madras (49 members).
The princely state that provided the highest number of members - Mysore (7).
The princely states that sent only one member each to the Assembly - Alwar, Bhopal, Cochin, Indore, Mayurbhanj, Cooch Behar.
Note:
Nominated members to the Constituent Assembly - 15.
Eg: K.T. Shah, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Gopalaswamy Iyengar
Number of women in the Constituent Assembly - 15
Number of members elected to the Constituent Assembly - "385"
Indian Provinces (After Partition)
| Members | |
|---|---|
| United Provinces | 55 |
| Madras Province | 49 |
| Bihar Province | 36 |
| Bombay Province | 21 |
| Bengal Province | 19 |
| East Punjab Province | 12 |
| Central Provinces and Berar Province | 17 |
| Orissa | 9 |
| Delhi | 8 |
| Assam | 1 |
| Ajmer & Mewar | 1 |
| Coorg | 1 |
The Constituent Assembly held a total of 12 sessions.
The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9 December 1946.
The date on which the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution was 26 November 1949.
The number of meetings held until the adoption was 11.
The period of the 12th meeting was January 24, 1950.
The total number of meetings held until the Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950 was 12.
Indian Polity 21
Meetings of the Indian Constituent Assembly :
First Meeting of the Constituent Assembly (1946 December 09 to December 23) :
The day this meeting started - 9 December 1946.
This meeting was held as per the instructions of Governor-General Wavell (Parliament Central Hall).
Number of members who attended this meeting was 211.
The party that boycotted this meeting was the Muslim League.
Interim President of this meeting - Sachchidananda Sinha.
Sachchidananda Sinha was proposed by - J.B. Kripalani.
Following the French tradition, the senior member of the Constituent Assembly, Sachchidananda Sinha, was made the President.
Note : Interim Vice-Presidents of the Constituent Assembly were Frank Anthony.
1946 December 11 Meeting :
On this day, Babu Rajendra Prasad was elected as the permanent president of the Constituent Assembly and H.C. Mukherjee and V.T Krishnamachari were elected as the permanent vice-presidents.
Benegal Narasimha Rao was appointed as the legal advisor to the Constituent Assembly.
1946 December 13 Meeting :
On this day Nehru introduced the Objectives and Aims Resolution.
Note : Nehru described the Objectives-Aims Resolution as "a sacred pledge made to the people of India".
The person who described the Objectives-Aims Resolution as the horoscope of the Indian people - K.M. Munshi.
The date on which the Constituent Assembly adopted the Objectives, Aims, Resolution - 1947 January 22.
January 24, 1950 (Last Meeting) :
At this meeting, Babu Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President.
'Janaganamana' was decided as the National Anthem.
Janaganamana:
Rabindranath Tagore wrote Janaganamana in Bengali.
Sarala Chaudhurani's group sang this song for the first time at the 1911 Calcutta INC meeting.
Rabindranath Tagore translated Janaganamana into English in 1919 at Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle, Chittoor district.
Note :B.T. The person who established the college - Annie Besant
Adopted son of Annie Besant - Jiddu Krishnamurthy
Book written by Jiddu Krishnamurthy - At the Feet of the Master.
Vande Mataram:
- Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote this song.
- Vande Mataram song was written in Sanskrit.
- This song was taken from the novel 'Anandamath' written in 1882.
- Rabindranath Tagore was the first person to sing this song at the 1896 Calcutta INC meeting.
- The person who translated the Vande Mataram song into English was Aurobindo Ghosh.
- The person who started life as an extremist and eventually turned into a spiritualist was Aurobindo Ghosh (Swami).
- The ashram established by Aurobindo Ghosh - Auroville Ashram in Pondicherry.
Indian Polity 22
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