Modern Indian History Notes (Based on SSC Pinnacle Q.523-Q.924)
Miscellaneous (People, Places, Culture, Events)
Chandannagar: Established as a French colony (1673) with permission from Ibrahim Khan (Nawab of Bengal). Captured by British Navy (Robert Clive) in 1757.
Hafiz (Hafez): 14th-century Iranian poet. Collection: 'Diwan' or 'Diwan-e-Hafiz', mostly Ghazals in Persian.
Sama (Sufism): Means recitation of sacred songs. Sufism emphasizes introspection and spiritual closeness with God.
Rang Ghar: One of Asia's oldest amphitheatres, built by the Ahom Dynasty king Swargadeo Promotta Singha.
Nizam of Hyderabad (1947): Osman Ali (Last Nizam, ruled 1911-1948). Hyderabad state brought under Indian Union in 1948 via Operation Polo.
Pishtaq (Medieval Indo-Islamic Architecture): Means tall gateway. Rectangular frame around an arched opening.
Islam: Founded by Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.
Curator of Ancient Monuments (1880): HH Cole appointed.
Portuguese Writer (South India Trade/Society): Duarte Barbosa (visited 1500-1516). Wrote 'The Book of Duarte Barbosa'.
First Portuguese Viceroy: Francisco de Almeida (1505). Policy: Maintain strong navy ('Policy of Blue Water'). Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa (1510 AD).
'Ryot' Meaning (18th C British records): Peasants.
Nawab of Bhopal (1868-1901): Shah Jahan Begum. Her successor: Sultan Jehan Begum (provided money for Sanchi preservation).
Parliament Speakers after Nehru (Midnight Aug 15, 1947): Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Chaudhary Khaliquzaman.
Economic Programme Committee (EPC) Chairman (1947): Jawaharlal Nehru.
Tomb of Rani of Jhansi: Situated in Gwalior (Phool Bagh).
C-R Formula: Given by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji formula) to solve INC-Muslim League deadlock.
Nobel Prize (1913) & Knighthood (1915): Rabindranath Tagore (for Gitanjali). Renounced knighthood after Jallianwala Bagh.
"A History of British India": Published by James Mill (1817). Divided history into Hindu, Muslim, British periods.
Literacy Rate at Independence (1947): Just 12 percent.
'Nightingale of India' (Bharat Kokila): Title given to Sarojini Naidu by Mahatma Gandhi. Notable Works: The Golden Threshold, The Broken Wing.
Deccan Riots (1875): Took place in Maharashtra (started Supa village, Poona). Against moneylenders. Supported by Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
"Kesari" Newspaper Editor: Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Marathi). Also edited "Mahratta" (English).
Bengal Famine (1770): Resulted in death of one-third of the population. Affected Bengal and Bihar.
Birsa Munda: Associated with Munda tribe. Tribal reformer, religious leader, freedom fighter. Birth anniversary Nov 15th.
Dr. B.R Ambedkar: Associated with Mahar community. Architect of Indian Constitution.
"Father of the Two-Nation Theory": Widely regarded as Syed Ahmed Khan.
Roman Catholic Missionary (Bengal): Mother Teresa (from Macedonia; founded Missionaries of Charity, Nobel Peace Prize 1979).
Paris Indian Society (1905): Founded by Madam Bhikaji Cama, M.B. Godrej, S.R. Rana. Branch of Indian Home Rule Society (London). Cama's publication: 'Vande Mataram'.
India House (London, 1905): Established by Shyamji Verma. Also founded Indian Home Rule Society, The Indian Sociologist (Journal). First President Bombay Arya Samaj.
Childhood Hatred for School: Rabindranath Tagore.
Bhoodan Yojana (Land Gift Movement) Founder: Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1951, Pochampally).
All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC): First President: Lala Lajpat Rai (established 1920, Bombay). First Central Trade Union of India. Registered under Trade Union Act (1926).
First Indian in British House of Commons: Dadabhai Naoroji (Liberal Party ticket). Known as India Gladstone.
'Gandhi Buri' (Old Lady Gandhi): Fondly called Matangini Hazra.
Avadh Kisan Sabha: Set up in 1920 (by Baba Ram Chandra).
Shimla Pact (1972): Signed between India (Indira Gandhi) and Pakistan (Z.A. Bhutto) to sort disputes bilaterally.
Patharughat Uprising (1894, Assam): Associated with Peasants’ uprising against tax policies.
Nyaya Yudh Movement (1987): Led by Chaudhary Devi Lal (Founder of Lok Dal party).
Battle of Imphal: Japan invaded India in 1944.
Bombay Reorganization Act: Passed in 1960. Split Bombay state into Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Bhartiya Jana Sangh Founder: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (1951). Political arm of RSS.
Damin-i-Koh (1832): Declared land of the Santhals in Rajmahal hills.
Fort Saint Louis (Pondicherry): Was a French fort built by Francois Martin.
First Topographical Survey: Started by Major James Rennell (Father of Indian Survey).
Sikkim: Merged with India as 22nd state in 1975 after monarchy crushed. King Mahabali ruled Kerala.
Map of Hindustan: James Rennel asked to prepare by Robert Clive. Known for "Bengal Atlas" (1779).
Viceroy during Bengal Famine (1943): Lord Linlithgow. Considered a "complete policy failure".
Revolt of 1857
Start from Meerut to Delhi: Soldiers started journey on 10 May 1857. Arrived at Red Fort to meet Bahadur Shah II on 11 May 1857.
Start of Revolution: Began in May 1857 from Meerut cantonment.
First War of Independence Start Date: 1857 (specifically May 10th). Immediate cause: Enfield rifle cartridges. Mangal Pandey executed April 8.
Battle of Chinhat (June 30, 1857): British forces led by Henry Lawrence clashed with Indian rebels near Lucknow.
Peel Commission: Set up post-1857 revolt for military reorganisation. Increased European proportion, restricted artillery to British. Arms Act 1878 restricted weapon possession.
Bihar Leader: Kunwar Singh.
Nana Sahib (Kanpur): Adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II (last Peshwa).
Mughal Ruler Contribution: Bahadur Shah II (Zafar). Deposed and exiled to Rangoon.
Viceroy during revolt: Lord Canning.
Doctrine of Lapse & 1857: Lord Dalhousie introduced Doctrine of Lapse. Lord Canning was Viceroy during the Revolt. [Q.559 correction: Dalhousie NOT associated with Revolt of 1857 timing].
Governors and Viceroys
Proclamation of November 1, 1858: Declared India governed by British Monarch via Secretary of State. Issued by Queen Victoria.
Permanent Settlement (Cornwallis): NOT prevalent in Punjab. Established Zamindars as landowners, fixed revenue.
Subsidiary Alliance: Devised by Lord Wellesley (1798). Required Indian rulers to maintain British forces. First state: Hyderabad (1798).
Sati Abolition: Legally abolished by Lord William Bentinck with help from Raja Ram Mohan Roy (Bengal Sati Regulation, Dec 4, 1829).
Doctrine of Lapse: Annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie. Annexed states: Satara (1848), Jaitpur/Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1854), Nagpur (1854), Tanjore, Arcot (1855). Withdrawn by Lord Canning.
Daroga System (1792): Introduced by Lord Cornwallis. Divided districts into Thanas headed by Darogas. Abolished District Faujdari Courts, set up circuit courts. Third Mysore War (1790-92) & Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) during his tenure.
Father of Local Self-Government: Lord Ripon (Resolution 1882). Repealed Vernacular Press Act (1881). First Factory Act (1881). Ilbert Bill controversy (1883). Hunter Commission (Education, 1882).
'Liberator of Indian Press': Lord Metcalfe (1835-36) (repealed 1823 press regulations).
Railways Introduction: By Lord Dalhousie (1853, Bombay to Thane). First South India line 1856. First railway minister: John Mathai.
Professional Cadre of Company Servants: Created by Lord Cornwallis ('Father of Civil Service in India').
Victoria Memorial Architect: Entrusted by Lord Curzon to William Emerson.
Shimla Conference (1945): Held during viceroyalty of Lord Wavell (1944-47).
Governor General Periods (Matching Q.558): Warren Hastings (1772-85), Lord Cornwallis (1786-93), Sir John Shore (1793-98), Lord Wellesley (1798-1805).
English Education (Higher): Incorporated by resolution of Lord Macaulay (based on his Minute, adopted by Bentinck).
Vernacular Press Act (1878): Enacted during regime of Lord Lytton.
Tripartite Treaty (1838, Afghanistan): Signed by Lord Auckland (British), Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Sikhs), Shah Shuja.
Police Commission (1902-03): Appointed by Lord Curzon, headed by Sir Andrew Frazer (Frazer Commission).
Judicial Murder of Raja Nand Kumar: Accusation against Warren Hastings. Nand Kumar was first Indian executed by hanging.
Bifurcation of India (Partition): Announced by Lord Louis Mountbatten (last Viceroy).
Governor of Bombay (1819-27): Mountstuart Elphinstone (known for Elphinstone code). Negotiated Afghan alliance 1808.
Restoration of Historical Monuments: Keen interest taken by Lord Curzon (Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904). Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) founded 1861 by Alexander Cunningham.
Dual System of Government (Bengal): Brainchild of Lord Clive (1765). Divided Diwani (revenue - company) & Nizamat (admin - Nawab). Abolished by Warren Hastings in 1772.
Policy of Paramountcy: Initiated under Lord Hastings (Governor General 1813-1823). Company claimed authority paramount. Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16).
Decision on Mughal Succession (1856): Made by Governor-General Lord Canning (Bahadur Shah Zafar would be last king, successors just princes).
Viceroy during INC Formation: Lord Dufferin (1884-1888).
Provincial Finance Decentralisation (1870): First step taken by Lord Mayo. Also ordered first census (1871).
Robert Clive: Arrived Madras 1743 age 18. Led Battle of Plassey. Appointed Residents in Indian states after Battle of Buxar. First Governor of Bengal.
'Crawling Order': Issued by General Dyer after Jallianwala Bagh.
Viceroy during Bengal Famine (1943): Lord Linlithgow.
Slavery Abolition Act (India): Passed under Lord Ellenborough (1842-44) in 1843.
First Regular Census: Introduced by Lord Mayo (1869-72) in 1872.
Viceroy during Shimla Conference (1945): Lord Wavell.
British Acts and Policies
Lex Loci Act (Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850): Allowed converts (e.g., to Christianity) to inherit ancestral property.
Central Legislative Assembly Term (GoI Act 1919): Three years.
**Trade Disputes Act, 1929:</strong> Provided for tribunals for industrial disputes, banned strikes.
Government of India Act 1858: Transferred power from EIC to British Crown. Created Secretary of State for India office with 15-member council. Abolished Board of Control.
Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act, 1909): Increased Legislative Council strength. Introduced separate electorates for Muslims. Declared Delhi capital instead of Calcutta. All statements (a,b,c) correct.
Wood's Dispatch (1854): Dealt with Education. Recommended vernacular for primary, English/vernacular for secondary, English for colleges. 'Magna Carta of English Education'.
Board of Control: Established by Pitt’s India Act of 1784 to supervise British India administration.
**Provincial Autonomy: Introduced by Government of India Act, 1935 (discontinued dyarchy). Divided powers (3 lists: Federal, Provincial, Concurrent).
Regulating Act (1773): First step to control EIC affairs. Made Governor of Bengal as Governor-General of Bengal (Warren Hastings first). Established Supreme Court at Calcutta.
Rowlatt Act (1919): Allowed detention without trial for two years to repress political activities.
Hindu Widow Remarriage Act (1856): Enacted with efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. Drafted by Dalhousie, passed by Canning.
**Indian Arms Act, 1878: Regulated firearms; discriminatory as it exempted Europeans etc. Enacted under Lord Lytton.
Press and Registration of Books (PRB) Act: Enacted in 1867. Regulated printing/publishing.
Charter Act of 1833: Abolished EIC's trade monopoly with China (and tea trade). Made GG of Bengal as GG of India (Bentinck first). Gave GG in Council power to legislate for all British India.
Ilbert Bill (1883): Allowed Indian judges to try Europeans. Introduced by Lord Ripon.
Indian Slavery Act, 1843: Abolished slavery. Enacted under Lord Ellenborough.
Age of Consent Act, 1891: Raised marriage age for girls to 12.
Defence of India Act: Enacted 1915 during World War I under Lord Hardinge. Gave govt wide powers.
Indian Independence Act 1947: Declared British rule ends June 30, 1948 (later advanced). Divided India into India and Pakistan dominions. Abolished Council of India.
Charter Act of 1813: Extended EIC rule for another 20 years. Ended trade monopoly except tea/China. Allowed Christian missionaries. Asserted Crown's sovereignty.
East India Company Act 1793 (Charter Act 1793): Renewed EIC charter for 20 years. Passed under Sir John Shore.
Calico Act (1720): Banned use of printed cotton textiles (chintz) in England.
Indian Services Act, 1861: Reserved positions for covenanted civil servants. Enacted under Lord Canning.
Royal Titles Act 1876: Recognized Queen Victoria as 'Empress of India'. Introduced by Benjamin Disraeli. Repealed 1948.
Indian Official Secrets Act (Curbing Press Freedom): Passed 1904 under Lord Curzon. Replaced by 1923 Act.
Sharda Act (Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929): Prohibited marriage of girls below 14, boys below 18. Sponsored by Harbilas Sarda.
Indian Councils Act, 1892: Allocated seats for election (indirect) for the first time.
Martial Law (1919): Imposed by General Dyer around Jallianwala Bagh time.
Accountant General Office: Established 1858.
Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi Movements
Symbol of Unity (1905): Hindus and Muslims tied Rakhi to protest Partition of Bengal. Encouraged by Rabindranath Tagore.
Andhra Pradesh Name: Swadeshi Movement called Vande Mataram Movement there.
Official Reason Given by British (1905): Administrative Convenience. Real reason: Divide and weaken nationalism.
States Comprising Bengal Province (pre-1905): Included parts of Bihar and Orissa.
Formal Proclamation Venue (Aug 7, 1905): Calcutta Town Hall.
Supporting Party: All India Muslim League supported the partition.
Bharat Mata Painting (Ascetic Figure): Painted by Abanindranath Tagore (1905). Depicted as saffron-clad divine woman with book, paddy, cloth, rosary.
Gandhian Era
Champaran Satyagraha (1917): First Civil Disobedience. Related to Indigo cultivation (Tinkathia system abolishment). Location: Champaran, Bihar. Resulted in abolishment of Tinkathia.
Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Organised against high land revenue demand despite crop failure. Indulal Yajnik helped Gandhi organise tours (with Vallabhbhai Patel).
Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918): Successfully led strike of mill workers. First hunger strike.
Dandi March / Salt Satyagraha (1930): Started Civil Disobedience. Protest against salt tax. Gandhi accompanied by 78 followers initially. Sarojini Naidu persuaded Gandhi to allow women. C. Rajagopalachari led salt satyagraha in Tamil Nadu (Vedaranyam). Broke salt law at Vedaranyam.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact: Signed in 1931 (March 5). Ended first phase of Civil Disobedience. Signed before Second RTC.
Second Round Table Conference: Gandhi represented Indian National Congress.
Natal Congress: Established by Gandhi in South Africa (1894) to fight racial discrimination.
Return from South Africa: January 9, 1915, aged 46. Advised by Gopal Krishna Gokhale to travel India.
Invitation to Champaran: By Raj Kumar Shukla (met at Lucknow INC session, 1916). Gandhi arrived Apr 15, 1917.
Poona Pact (Gandhi-Ambedkar Pact): Followed the Communal Award of 1932. Signed September 1932. Reserved seats for Depressed Classes increased from 71 to 147 (provincial) and 18% (central). Madan Mohan Malaviya signed on Gandhi's behalf.
Chauri Chaura Incident: Located in Gorakhpur district (UP). Feb 4, 1922. Led Gandhi to halt Non-Cooperation Movement (Feb 12, 1922).
'Do or Die' Slogan: Given during Quit India Movement (1942).
Political Guru: Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Birth Year: 1869 (October 2nd).
Harijan Sevak Sangh: Founded by Mahatma Gandhi (1932).
Inspiration for Einstein (Non-violence): Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. Ideas: Truth, Nonviolence, Satyagraha, Sarvodaya, Swaraj, Trusteeship.
Kaisar-i-Hind Medal Return: Returned in 1920 in response to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Given by Hardinge 1915 for Boer War services.
Newspaper Founded in South Africa (1903): Indian Opinion (Durban, with M.H. Nazar).
"Be the change you wish to see..." Quote: Attributed to Mahatma Gandhi.
"Father of the Nation" Reference: By Subhas Chandra Bose (1944, radio address).
Non-Cooperation Movement - Reason for Slowing Down: Khadi cloth expensive, lack of alternative Indian institutions, lawyers rejoining work due to finances. (Leaders shifting focus to domestic work is NOT a reason).
Civil Disobedience Campaign Ceased Completely: 1934.
"English education has enslaved us": Said by Mahatma Gandhi.
Expansion of British Rule
Battle of Porto Novo (1781): Key personality fighting British: Hyder Ali. EIC led by Sir Eyre Coote.
Formal Beginning of British Raj: Considered the Battle of Plassey (1757).
Battle of Buxar: Fought in 1764. British (Munro) vs Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, Shah Alam II. EIC got Diwani rights.
First Jute Mill: Set up in Rishra (West Bengal, 1855). Acland Mill. First modern cotton mill Mumbai 1854 (Cowaszee Nanabhoy Davar).
Modern Industries during British Rule: Cotton, Jute, Iron and Steel were all in operation. First Iron & Steel Mill: TISCO, Jamshedpur (1907). Unbalanced/lopsided growth legacy.
Cotton Industry Development (Britain, 18th C): Resulted in decline of textiles production in India (due to competition, high duties). First water-powered cotton mill (world): Thorp Mill, England (1764). First cotton mill (India): Fort Gloster, Kolkata (1818).
EIC Charter (1600): Acquired from Queen Elizabeth I. Sole right to trade East. Ships arrived Surat 1608.
First English Factory (Banks of River): Hugli (1651). Temporary: Masulipattam (1611). Permanent: Surat (1613).
EIC Army Structure: Sawar - Men on horses; Musket - Heavy gun used by infantry soldiers. (Both I and II correct).
Pondicherry Capture from French: Captured by British in 1761. Freed Nov 1, 1954. UT comprises former French colonies.
Gateway of India (Mumbai): Monument built in 1924 to welcome King George V and Queen Mary (visit 1911). Architect: George Wittet.
The Revolutionaries
Tirot Sing: Leader of Khasi uprising (Anglo-Khasi War, 1829-33). Khasi chief.
Rail Disruption Plan (Bengal): Undertaken under leadership of Jatin Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin). Acquired moniker 'Bagha Jatin' after killing a tiger. Anushilan Samiti member.
Chittagong Armoury Raid Leader: Surya Sen (Master Da). Founded Indian Republican Army. Raid April 18, 1930. Person associated: Ardhendu Dastidar.
Santhal Rebellion Leaders: Sido and Kanhu (also Chand, Bhairav, Phulo, Jhano). Began 1855 (Hul revolt).
VD Savarkar Sent to Andaman Jail: 1911 (Nashik Conspiracy Case - murder of Jackson). Wrote 'Kamala' on prison walls. Co-founded Abhinav Bharat Society (1904, with Ganesh Savarkar).
United India House (Seattle, 1910): Set up by Tarak Nath Das and GD Kumar.
Ghadar Party: Started in San Francisco (1913). Founded by Sohan Singh Bhakna (President) & Lala Har Dayal. Ghadar Conspiracy (1915) planner: Kartar Singh Sarabha (executed Lahore, 1915).
Anand Math (Novel): Based on Sanyasi Rebellion (Bengal 1770-1820s). Written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Contains 'Vande Mataram'.
Bombay Presidency Association (1885): Founded by Pherozeshah Mehta, KT Telang, and Badruddin Tyabji.
Khilafat Movement: Campaign to save Ottoman Caliphate, led by Ali Brothers (Shaukat Ali, Muhammad Ali) and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. Started 1919. Faraizi movement (Haji Shariatullah 1818), Ahmadiyya (Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 1889), Wahabi (Syed Ahmed Barelvi 1820s) are different.
AMT Jackson Murder Accomplice: Krishnaji Gopal Karve (executed with Anant Laxman Kanhere). Nasik Conspiracy 1909. Abhinav Bharat Society involved.
Anushilan Samiti Associate: Jatindra Mohan Sengupta. Founded by Satish Chandra Bose & Praanath Mitra. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev were HSRA.
Muzaffarpur Bombing (1908): Involved Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki. Kingsford was the target. Bose executed at Muzaffarpur jail (Aug 11, 1908). Youngest martyr. Joined Anushilan Samiti aged 15.
Flag Unfurling (Germany, 1907): By Madam Bhikaji Cama. Founded Paris Indian Society.
HSRA Co-founder (Delhi, 1928): Bhagat Singh. HRA founded 1924 Kanpur (Ram Prasad Bismil, Sanyal etc.). Took socialist ideas under Azad 1928.
Khudai Khidmatgars (Red Shirts): Founded by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Powerful non-violent movement.
'Mitra Mela' (1899): Revolutionary organization founded by Vinayak Savarkar in Nashik. Renamed Abhinav Bharat. Believed in Armed rebellion.
Central Legislative Assembly Bombing (1929): Thrown by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt. Against Public Safety/Trade Disputes Bills. HSRA members. Bhagat Singh hanged Lahore jail March 23, 1931.
'Mother Indian Revolution': Madame Cama.
Anti-Simon Protest Death (1928): Lala Lajpat Rai.
Secret Congress Radio (Quit India): Started by Usha Mehta and associates. Received Padma Vibhushan.
"We shall die to awaken the nation" Quote: By Bagha Jatin (Jatindranath Mukherjee).
Kakori Train Action (1925): Ram Prasad Bismil condemned to death. HRA organized. Rajendra Nath Lahiri hanged Dec 17, others (Bismil, Ashfaqulla, Roshan) Dec 19, 1927.
Revolutionary Socialist Party Establishment: 1940 (by Tridib Chaudhuri). Roots in Anushilan Samiti/HSRA. First Gen Sec: Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee.
"Sarfaroshi ki tamanna..." Poem: Attributed to Ramprasad Bismil (poet).
Bomb Cult Quote during Trial: Stated by Bhagat Singh ("did not wish to glorify... but wanted a revolution in society").
Swadesh Bandhav Samiti: Associated with Ashwini Kumar Dutta (founded Aug 6, 1905, Barisal). Newspaper: Barisal Hitaishi. Created Cooperative Hindustan Bank (1908).
Armed Rebellion (Maharashtra, 1879): Organized by Vasudev Balwant Phadke ('Father of militant nationalism').
Communist Party of India (1920): Founded in Tashkent (by M.N. Roy, Abani Mukherji etc.). Officially formed Kanpur (1925).
Koraput Revolution (Quit India): Occurred in Odisha. Paparandi firing Aug 25, 1942. Veer Lakhan Nayak hanged.
Bharat Naujawan Sabha: Founded Lahore (1926) by Bhagat Singh (founding secretary). (Established 1927 is incorrect).
Indigo Revolt Leaders (Bengal): Bishnu Charan Biswas and Digambar Biswas. Started 1859 Nadia. Nonviolent strike initially.
Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Accused: Kanailal Dutta arrested. (Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh trial).
Michael O'Dwyer Killer: Udham Singh.
Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie Killer: Madan Lal Dhingra (London).
Veer Surendra Sai: Freedom fighter from Odisha. Led revolt pre-1857, continued till 1864.
Struggle for Independence (General)
All India Farmer’s Congress First General Secretary: N.G. Ranga. Received Padma Vibhushan.
Revolt from North East India Leader: Rani Gaidinliu (Naga spiritual/political leader). Joined Heraka movement (cousin Haipou Jadonang).
Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Home Rule Movement Active: Maharashtra (1916). Published "Kesari" (Marathi), "Mahratta" (English).
Home Rule League (Organizations): Established by Tilak (Poona HQ, April 1916) and Annie Besant (Madras HQ, Sept 1916).
Chauri Chaura Incident: Took place in United Provinces (now UP) in February 1922. Led to withdrawal Non-Coop.
Indian National Army (INA) Formation: Formed in Singapore (1942) by Mohan Singh. Collaborationist unit under Japanese command.
Complete Independence Call (1929): By Jawaharlal Nehru (as INC President at Lahore Session). Raised tricolour flag on Ravi bank.
Individual Satyagraha Arrest (Oct 31, 1940): Jawaharlal Nehru arrested. Protest against forced WW II participation.
INA Integral Part: Subhas Chandra Bose (reorganized it 1943). Women's regiment: Rani of Jhansi Regiment.
Indian Home Rule League (1916) Founder: Annie Besant (also Irish theosophist). Founded league in Madras (Sept 1916), 200+ branches. Demanded self-govt.
Knighthood Renounced (Post-Jallianwala): Rabindranath Tagore.
Swaraj Party Founder: Chittaranjan Das (with Motilal Nehru, 1923).
Tiger Legion' / 'Free India Legion' Founder: Subhas Chandra Bose (formed 1941 with German help).
Komagata Maru Ship (Denied Entry): Denied by Canada. Ship hired Gurdit Singh. Reached Vancouver May 1914. Ended back in Budge Budge, Calcutta (Sep 1914).
Socio Religious Reforms
Satnami Movement (Central India): Founded by Ghasidas. Aimed to improve condition of <strong>leather workers</strong>. Promoted Satnam (truth) and equality. (Both a and b correct).
First Socio-Religious Org (Bombay, 1840, Caste Annihilation): Paramhans Mandali. Founder: Durgaram Mehtaji, Dadoba Pandurang.
Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam: Associated with Sree Narayana Guru. Built temple at Aruvippuram (1888). Quote: "One caste, one religion, one god for all". Born in Kerala.
Widow Remarriage/Girls' Education (Andhra): Pioneered by Kandukuri Veeresalingam ('Father of Telugu Renaissance'). Fought child marriage/dowry.
Paramahansa Mandali (Maharashtra): Founded 1849. Worked against Brahmanical orthodoxy. Secret group related to Manav Dharma Sabha.
Landholders Society (1838): First political association. Looked after interests of Landlords. Raja Radhakant dev involved.
Temple Entry Movement (1927, Nasik Kalaram): Started by Bhimrao Ambedkar. Mahad Satyagraha (1927) for water rights.
Visva Bharati (1921): Founded by Rabindranath Tagore in Shantiniketan. World's first "living heritage university".
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan: Established by Dr. Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (1938). Promote education/culture.
First Women’s University (1916): Founded by Dhondo Keshav Karve (Maharishi Karve). SNDT Women's University. Received Bharat Ratna. Widow Remarriage Association founded by Vishnu Shastri Pandit.
'Pandita' Title (Calcutta University): Received by Ramabai Sarasvati. Pioneer women's education/emancipation. Founded Arya Mahila Samaj, Mukti Mission (Kedgaon), Sharada Sadan (Bombay). Received Kaiser-i-Hind.
Singh Sabha Movement: Sikh reform movement started 1873 in Amritsar. Founder: Thakur Singh Sandhawalia.
Arya Samaj (Mumbai, 1875): Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. Slogan: "Back to Vedas". Promoted study of Vedas/Upanishads, social reform (abolish caste). Started Shuddhi Movement. Active member: Lala Lajpat Rai.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Protested child marriage/polygamy. Efforts led to Hindu Widow Remarriage Act (1856). Principal of Sanskrit College. "Father of Bengali Prose".
Dharma Sabha: Founded 1830 by Radhakanta Deb. Conservative Hindu society. Opposed widow remarriage act. Newspaper: Samachar Chandrika.
Dev Samaj (Lahore, 1887): Founded by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri.
Kuka Movement: Started by Satguru Ram Singh. Namdhari sect founder: Balak Singh.
Worship of God as Nirankar (Punjab): Emphasized by Baba Dayal Das (Nirankari Movement).
All India Depressed Classes Congress (First Session, 1930): Held at Nagpur.
Arya Mahila Samaj: Founded by Pandita Ramabai.
Forerunner of Brahmo Samaj: Atmiya Sabha (founded 1814/15 by Raja Rammohun Roy).
Marathi Monthly Magazine (1874, Social Reform): Nibandhmala by Vishnushastri Chiplunkar. Prabhakar writer: Gopal Hari Deshmukh.
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1923/24): Established in Bombay by Dr. Ambedkar.
Vidhava Vivaha Uttejaka Mandal (Widow Marriage Encouragement): Established in Bombay Presidency (by Vishnushastri Pandit, 1866). Widow Remarriage Association founder (1861): Mahadev Govind Ranade. Karsondas Mulji started 'Satya Prakash' 1852.
Begums of Bhopal Primary School for Girls: Founded in Aligarh. Nawab Begum was founding Chancellor of AMU.
Deccan Education Society (1884): Founder included G G Agarkar (with Tilak etc.).
Brahmo Covenant: Written by Debendranath Tagore. Statement of creed, duties.
'Gift to Monotheists': Written by Raja Ram Mohan Roy (originally in Persian).
Tattvabodhini Sabha Founder: Debendranath Tagore (1839). Tattvabodhini Patrika promoted study of India's past in Bengali.
Modern Education as Vehicle for Modern Ideas: First viewed by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Founded Vedanta College (1825).
Aligarh Movement Founder: Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Founded Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College (1875). Established Scientific Society (1864).
Prarthana Samaj (1867): Founded by Atmaram Pandurang. Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar and MG Ranade carried out work through it.
Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (1851): Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji (with Naoroji Furdunji, S.S Bengalee). Parsi religious reform. NOT associated: Syed Ahmed Khan.
Satyashodhak Samaj (1873): Founded by Jyotirao Govindrao Phule. Aimed against Brahmanical orthodoxy, improve lower caste conditions. Wrote 'Gulamgiri'.
'Father of Muslim Renaissance' (Bengal): Nawab Abdul Latif Khan. Received 'Nawab' title from Lytton. Founded Mohammedan Literary Society (1863 Calcutta).
Indian National Congress and Its Sessions
Belgaum Session (1924): President: Mahatma Gandhi.
1912 Session (Bihar): Held at Bankipore (Patna). President: R.N. Mudholkar.
Second Session (Calcutta, 1886): President: Dadabhai Nauroji. 434 delegates participated. Decided to set up Provincial Congress Committees.
Swadeshi Call (Benaras, 1905): President: Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Quit India Resolution Ratified: At Bombay session (Aug 8, 1942).
Purna Swaraj Resolution: Passed at Lahore session (Dec 1929). President: Jawaharlal Nehru.
First Woman President: Annie Besant (Calcutta, 1917).
First Indian Woman President: Sarojini Naidu (Kanpur, 1925). First woman Governor (UP).
1931 Flag Adopted: Tricolour flag made by Khadi with a Charkha symbol. Adopted Karachi session.
Tripuri Session Election (1939): Subhas Chandra Bose defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Bose resigned, Rajendra Prasad replaced him.
Self-Government/'Swaraj' Goal Declaration (Dadabhai Naoroji): At Calcutta session (1906).
Lucknow Pact Session (1916): Understanding between Congress and Muslim League reached at Lucknow session. President: A.C. Majumdar. Unity between Moderates/Extremists.
Madras Session (1927): Set up All Parties Conference to draft constitution. President: M A Ansari.
Surat Split: Occurred in 1907. Moderates vs Extremists.
Establishment (Dec 1885): 72 delegates met in Bombay. Founder: Allan Octavian Hume. First President: W.C. Banerjee.
1915 Session President: Satyendra Prasanna Sinha (Bombay).
George Yule President (1888): At Allahabad session (First English President).
Karachi Session Resolution (1931): Dwelled on Independent India's Constitution. President: Sardar Patel. Endorsed Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Youngest President (age 35, Special Session 1923): Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. Also President 1940.
President at Independence (1947): J. B. Kripalani.
All India Kisan Sabha: Founded 1936 at INC Lucknow Session. Led by Swami Sahajananda Saraswati.
First Independence Day Celebration: 26 January 1930 (following Lahore session).
Third Session President: Badruddin Tyabji (Madras 1887, first Muslim president).
Muslim League
Foundation: 1906 in Dhaka. Founders: Nawab Khwaja Salimullah, Aga Khan III etc. Supported Partition of Bengal.
'Independent States' Resolution: Moved in 1940 (Lahore Resolution).
Direct Action Day: Observed 16 August 1946.
No comments:
Post a Comment