Topic: Muslim Socio-Religious Reform Movements (ముస్లిం సంస్కరణ ఉద్యమాలు)
Speaker's Context & Order:
This lecture covers various reform and revivalist movements within the Muslim community in British India.
The speaker follows a specific chronological and thematic order:
Wahabi Movement (వాహాబి ఉద్యమం)
Titu Mir Movement (టిటు మీర్ ఉద్యమం)
Aligarh Movement (అలీఘర్ ఉద్యమం)
Deoband Movement (దియోబంద్ ఉద్యమం)
Ahmadiyya Movement (అహ్మదీయ)
Faraizi Movement (ఫైరేజి ఉద్యమం)
Individual Reformers (Rakiya Hussain Begum, Muhammad Iqbal).
Reference Books Mentioned: NCERT (Class 8), Spectrum, Degree Books (Telugu Academy - crucial for Telugu medium), Ambedkar Pragati Series, Bipin Chandra.
1. Wahabi Movement (వాహాబి ఉద్యమం) / Wahabis (వాహాబీలు)
Origin: Inspired by Abdul Wahab of Arabia, but the Indian movement had its own leader.
Founder (India): Syed Ahmad Barelvi (సయ్యద్ అహ్మద్ బరేల్వి) of Rae Bareli (రాయ్ బరేలి), UP. (A Wahabi himself).
Time: Started in 1820s (Very Important).
Ideology/Goals (Two Main):
Religious Purification: Return to the "True Spirit of Islam" (నిజమైన ఇస్లాం స్ఫూర్తి). Follow only the Quran & Hadith strictly. Reject non-Islamic/Western/Hindu influences that had crept in.
Political Goal: Convert India from "Land of Kafir" (Dar-ul-Harb - దారుల్ హర్బ్ / కాఫీర్ల భూమి) to "Land of Islam" (Dar-ul-Islam - దారుల్ ఇస్లాం). (Kafir = Non-Muslim). Establish Muslim rule.
Initial Target (1820s - 1849): Primarily fought against the Sikh kingdom under Ranjit Singh in Punjab.
Shift in Target (Post-1849): After the British annexed Punjab (1849), the Wahabis directed their fight against the British.
Impact & Significance:
Led to widespread Muslim opposition to both British rule and Western education. They saw both as threats to Islam.
This anti-British/anti-Western education stance significantly contributed to Muslim backwardness in the later 19th century.
Played a role in the 1857 Revolt. Leader in Delhi, General Bakht Khan (భక్త్ ఖాన్), was a Wahabi.
British suppressed the Wahabis harshly after the revolt. Many were imprisoned in the Andaman Cellular Jail (First prisoners there).
2. Titu Mir Movement (టిటు మీర్ ఉద్యమం)
Leader: Titu Mir Ali (టిటు మీర్ ఆలి) (Inspired by Wahabism).
Location: Bengal.
Nature: Primarily a peasant uprising (రైతు ఉద్యమం) of Muslim peasants against oppressive Hindu landlords (హిందూ భూస్వాములు) and British Indigo planters (నీలిమందు బ్రిటిష్ రైతులు).
3. Aligarh Movement (అలీఘర్ ఉద్యమం) - (Very Important)
Leader: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (సర్ సయ్యద్ అహ్మద్ ఖాన్).
Context: Emerged as a response to Muslim backwardness after the 1857 Revolt, which was partly blamed on movements like Wahabism. Muslims were hostile to the British and lagged in modern education.
Goals:
Promote Western Education (పాశ్చాత్య విద్య) among Muslims to modernize them and improve their socio-economic status.
Foster loyalty to the British government.
Key Institutions/Actions:
(Precursor): 1863 - Muhammadan Literary Society of Calcutta founded by Abdul Latif (అబ్దుల్ లతీఫ్) - First effort towards Western education for Muslims.
1875: Established Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) School at Aligarh.
Later upgraded to MAO College.
1920: Became Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) (అలీఘర్ ముస్లిం విశ్వవిద్యాలయము).
First Principal of MAO College: Theodore Beck (థియోడర్ బెక్) - British, influenced Sir Syed's later politics.
Sir Syed's Writings (to bridge gap with British):
"Causes of Indian Mutiny" (1857 తిరుగుబాటు కారణాలు): Explained the revolt's causes, arguing British policies were also responsible, not just Muslims.
"Loyalty of Indian Musalman" (విధేయులైన భారతీయ ముస్లింలు): Asserted Muslim loyalty to the British Crown.
Religious Views:
Advocated interpreting the Quran through modern rationalism and science. Believed religious tenets must evolve with time.
Newspaper: Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq (తెహజీబుల్ అఖ్లాఖ్) (Muhammadan Reformer/Civilization and Morals) - Urdu journal for social & religious reform.
Organization: Scientific Society - Translated Western science books into Urdu.
Social Reforms: Opposed Purdah system, Polygamy, easy divorce (Triple Talaq); promoted women's education.
Political Stance (Later Phase):
Influenced by Theodore Beck, became anti-Congress (INC).
Advised Muslims to avoid INC politics, considering it a Hindu-majority body potentially harmful to Muslims.
1888: Founded United Indian Patriotic Association with Raja Shiv Prasad of Benaras to oppose the INC.
Significance: While aiming for modernization, his later political stance inadvertently promoted Muslim separatism.
Honours: Received Knighthood (Sir) from British, served in Imperial Legislative Council, received honorary doctorate from Edinburgh University.
4. Deoband Movement (దియోబంద్ ఉద్యమం) - (Very Important)
Nature: Orthodox Islamic revivalist movement. Reaction against the Aligarh Movement's modernism and pro-British stance.
Founders: Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (మహమ్మద్ ఖాసిం నానోతవి), Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (రషీద్ అహ్మద్ గంగోహి).
Year/Place: 1866-67, established Darul Uloom (House of Knowledge) seminary at Deoband (UP).
Ideology:
Revive pure teachings of Quran and Hadith.
Train religious leaders (Ulema) to interpret Islam.
Opposed Western education and Sir Syed's rationalistic interpretation of Quran.
Political Stance:
Anti-British; Issued fatwa (religious decree) against the British.
Pro-Congress (INC); Supported Hindu-Muslim unity for national freedom.
Welcomed the formation of INC (contrast to Sir Syed).
Later leader Mahmud-ul-Hasan fostered anti-British sentiment ("Silk Letter Conspiracy"). The political wing became Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind.
Comparison: Aligarh (Pro-British, Pro-Western Ed, Anti-Congress) vs. Deoband (Anti-British, Anti-Western Ed, Pro-Congress).
5. Ahmadiyya Movement (అహ్మదీయ)
Founder: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (మీర్జా గులాం అహ్మద్).
Place/Time: Punjab, late 19th century (Khatiyan/Qadian - ఖతియాని).
Ideology:
Liberal, Reformist, Universalist ("Universal religion for all humanity"). Similar to Brahmo Samaj.
Promoted Western liberal education.
Based on principles of Universal Brotherhood (విశ్వమానవ సౌభ్రాతృత్వం).
Opposed Jihad (as holy war).
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be a messiah (like avatar of Krishna, promised messiah for Muslims, reappearance of Jesus).
Goal: Protect Muslim society from Arya Samaj and Christian missionaries.
6. Faraizi Movement (ఫైరేజి ఉద్యమం)
Founder: Haji Shariatullah (హాజీ షరియతుల్లా).
Place: Faridpur (ఫరీద్పూర్), East Bengal.
Meaning: Faraiz/Farz = Duties commanded by Allah.
Initial Goal: Religious purification - urged Muslims to follow the essential duties of Islam, discard non-Islamic customs (often influenced by Hinduism).
Later Leader: Dudu Miyan (డూడూ మీయాన్) (Shariatullah's son).
Made the movement radical and political.
Organized peasants against oppressive Hindu landlords and British Indigo planters.
Later merged with Wahabi ideology, becoming strongly anti-British.
7. Individual Reformers
Rakiya Hussain Begum (రకియా హుస్సేన్):
Focused on women's education for Muslims.
Established schools in Kolkata and Patna. (Further details possibly in a separate 'Women's Reforms' lecture).
Muhammad Iqbal (మహమ్మద్ ఇక్బాల్):
Famous Urdu Poet.
Initial Phase: Nationalist & Secular. Wrote "Sare Jahan se Accha, Hindustan Hamara" (సారే జహాసె అచ్చా, హిందుస్థాన్ హమారా).
Later Phase: Turned towards Muslim communalism.
1930 Allahabad Session of Muslim League: First proposed the idea of a separate Muslim state in North-West India (idea leading to Pakistan). Became a proponent of the Two-Nation Theory.
Key Takeaways:
Muslim reform movements were diverse: some revivalist (Wahabi, Deoband), some reformist/modernist (Aligarh, Ahmadiyya), some starting religious and becoming political/peasant-based (Faraizi).
Attitudes towards British rule and Western education varied significantly (Pro-British Aligarh vs. Anti-British Wahabi/Deoband).
These movements had complex interactions with Hindu reform movements and the broader national movement (e.g., Deoband supporting INC, Aligarh opposing it).
Figures like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Muhammad Iqbal had evolving stances with significant long-term impacts on politics and identity.
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