Tuesday, April 22, 2025

Largest Industries in India part 12

Okay, here are the structured notes from the Telugu audio transcript on India's largest industries.

Topic: Largest Industries in India (భారత్ లో అతి పెద్ద పరిశ్రమలు)

Introduction (0:00 - 0:43)

  • This topic supplements the broader discussion on the Indian Industrial Sector.

  • Focuses on the largest industries, questions on which frequently appear in exams.

  • Knowing these details can secure at least one mark.

  • Four Key Industries to be Discussed:

    1. Textile Industry (వస్త్ర పరిశ్రమ)

    2. Iron & Steel Industry (ఇనుము ఉక్కు పరిశ్రమ)

    3. Sugar Industry (పంచదార పరిశ్రమ)

    4. Jute Industry (జనుపనార పరిశ్రమ)

1. Textile Industry (వస్త్ర పరిశ్రమ) (0:43 - 13:44)

  • Overall Significance:

    • Largest industry in India (1:13-1:15).

    • Provides the highest employment (1:47-1:50).

    • Different from Railways (Departmental Undertaking); Textiles is a manufacturing/production sector (ఉత్పత్తి రంగం) (1:24-1:40).

  • Oldest Industry: Handloom (చేనేత పరిశ్రమ) is considered the oldest form of textile industry (1:54-1:58).

  • First Textile Mill:

    • Established in 1818 (2:10).

    • Location: Fort Gloster (పోస్ట్ గ్లాస్టర్), near Kolkata, West Bengal (2:11-2:18).

  • First Modern Textile Mill:

    • Name: Bombay Spinning and Weaving Mill (2:42).

    • Established in 1854 (2:48-2:49).

    • Location: Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra (2:50-2:54).

  • Concentration & Expansion:

    • Key Cities (Hubs - In order): Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Surat (3:36-3:41).

    • Expansion Timeline: Mumbai (1854), Ahmedabad (1858), Surat (1860) (3:53-4:04).

    • Key States (In order): Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu (4:17-4:21).

  • Cotton Production (Raw Material):

    • 2023-24 Data: Top 3 states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana (4:40-4:47).

    • 2022-23 Data (Economic Survey): Top 3 states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan (Speaker corrects/updates this later 11:40-11:51, distinguishing from the previous data).

  • Key Institutions & Policies:

    • National Textile Corporation (NTC): Established in 1968 (4:55-4:57). Purpose: To revive sick/loss-making textile mills (5:18-5:52).

    • Post-1991 Liberalization: Led to FDI, increased foreign competition (Jeans, designs mentioned), negatively impacted domestic handlooms due to price/quality/appeal factors (6:00-7:17).

    • Meera Seth Committee (మీరా సేఠ్ కమిటీ): Recommended support for handlooms (7:25-7:27). Led to establishment of Handloom Loan Fund (చేనేత రుణ నిధి) with ₹500 crores in 1997 (7:24-7:32).

    • Satyam Committee (సత్యం కమిటీ): Led to the National Textile Policy, 2000 (7:54-7:58).

    • Apparel Parks (అపారెల్ పార్క్స్): Established under the 2000 policy. Designated zones for export-oriented textile production with government incentives (tax breaks, subsidies) to lower costs and boost exports (8:10-9:21).

    • New Textile Policy, 2020: (10:05-10:08). Aims to increase India's global textile trade share to 15% by 2024-25 (from current 5%) and achieve $300 billion in export earnings (10:13-10:48).

  • Global Cotton Production Ranking (2022-23): 1st China, 2nd India, 3rd USA (11:04-11:07).

  • "Manchester" Titles:

    • Manchester of India: Ahmedabad (3:02-3:03).

    • Manchester of South India: Coimbatore (3:07-3:08).

    • Manchester of North India: Kanpur (3:10-3:15, 3:27-3:29).

2. Iron & Steel Industry (ఇనుము ఉక్కు పరిశ్రమ) (13:45 - 29:13)

  • First Iron Works: Barakar (బారాకరన్), West Bengal (14:29-14:37). Focused solely on iron.

  • First Integrated Iron & Steel Plant:

    • Name: TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) (14:59).

    • Established: 1907 (16:40-16:41).

    • Location: Sakchi (సాచి), renamed Jamshedpur (జంషెడ్ పూర్), Jharkhand (then Bihar) (15:26-15:31, 16:01-16:08).

    • Founder: Jamshedji Tata (Father of Indian Industrial Revolution - పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవ పితా) (15:45-16:14).

    • Significance: Largest steel plant in India (including private sector) (23:36). Currently produces highest quality steel (25:13-25:21).

  • First Public Sector Steel Plant:

    • Name: VISCO / VISL (Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited), initially Mysore Iron Works (17:07-17:10, 23:16-23:18).

    • Established: 1923 (17:19).

    • Location: Bhadravati, Karnataka (17:04-17:05).

  • Plants under Second Five-Year Plan (Est. c. 1959 under HSL):

    • Rourkela, Odisha (Germany collaboration) (17:51, 18:17).

    • Bhilai, Chhattisgarh (USSR collaboration) (17:52, 18:24).

    • Durgapur, West Bengal (UK collaboration) (17:53, 18:31).

  • Plant under Third Five-Year Plan (Est. 1964 under BSL):

    • Bokaro, Jharkhand (USSR collaboration likely) (19:16-19:27, 19:46).

  • SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited):

    • Established: 1973 (by merging HSL & BSL) (20:35-20:41, 22:43-22:48).

    • Manages public sector plants. Largest public sector steel entity (23:29-23:31, 23:44-23:48).

  • Other Major Public Plants (Later HSL/SAIL):

    • Hospet (Vijayanagar), Karnataka (1971) (21:10-21:15).

    • Salem, Tamil Nadu (1972) - Specializes in Stainless Steel for utensils (21:20-21:24, 24:06-24:14).

    • Vizag (Visakhapatnam), Andhra Pradesh (Foundation 1971, operational later) (21:25-21:28, 21:32-21:40).

  • Global Rankings (2022-23):

    • Iron Ore Production: India 4th (Australia 1st) (25:40-25:45).

    • Steel Production: India 2nd (China 1st) (25:56-26:08).

  • National Steel Policy (2005, 2017):

    • Aimed to protect domestic industry from imports via measures like customs duties (28:00-28:21).

    • 2017 Policy Target (by 2030): 300 million tonnes capacity, 160 kg per capita consumption (28:36-28:52).

3. Sugar Industry (పంచదార పరిశ్రమ) (29:14 - 36:43)

  • First Sugar Mill:

    • Established: 1903 (29:23-29:24).

    • Location: Champaran, Bihar (29:24-29:28).

  • Production Rankings:

    • Sugar Production (Apr-Dec 2023): 1st Maharashtra, 2nd UP, 3rd Karnataka (29:46-29:50). (MH temporarily overtook UP).

    • Sugarcane Production (2022-23): 1st Maharashtra, 2nd UP, 3rd Karnataka (30:38-30:41).

  • Dual Pricing Policy (ద్వంద ధరల విధానము) (Introduced 1979):

    • Govt. buys a portion ('levy sugar') from mills at a fixed lower price for PDS (Ration Shops) (31:16-31:31).

    • Mills sell the rest in the open market (32:00-32:04).

    • Initial Levy: 40%. Current Levy: 10% (32:28, 33:11-33:13).

    • Differential pricing also exists for industrial consumers (higher rate) vs. general public (34:31-34:53).

4. Jute Industry (జనుపనార పరిశ్రమ) (36:44 - End)

  • First Jute Mill:

    • Established: 1859 (37:09).

    • Location: Rishra (రిస్రా), near Kolkata (37:09-37:13).

  • Significance: India is a top global producer (37:28-37:31). Jute has various uses (bags, furnishings, etc.) (37:36-38:23).

  • Impact of Partition (1947):

    • Most jute growing areas went to East Pakistan (Bangladesh) (39:14-39:17).

    • Most jute mills remained in India (West Bengal) (39:18-39:20).

    • Result: Severe raw material crisis, industry heavily impacted. Considered the industry most affected by partition (39:26-40:50).

  • Competition: Faces significant competition from plastic/polythene bags (41:04-41:08).

  • Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Act, 1987:

    • Mandated use of jute packaging to support the industry (41:41-41:49).

    • Current Rule: 100% mandatory jute packaging for food grains (42:36-42:42). (Requirement for sugar etc., might be different/relaxed).

  • Global Rankings:

    • Jute Production: India 1st, Bangladesh 2nd (42:46-42:52).

    • Jute Exports: Bangladesh 1st, India 2nd (Reason: High domestic consumption in India) (43:01-43:19).

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