Okay, here are the structured notes from the Telugu audio transcript on India's largest industries.
Topic: Largest Industries in India (భారత్ లో అతి పెద్ద పరిశ్రమలు)
Introduction (0:00 - 0:43)
This topic supplements the broader discussion on the Indian Industrial Sector.
Focuses on the largest industries, questions on which frequently appear in exams.
Knowing these details can secure at least one mark.
Four Key Industries to be Discussed:
Textile Industry (వస్త్ర పరిశ్రమ)
Iron & Steel Industry (ఇనుము ఉక్కు పరిశ్రమ)
Sugar Industry (పంచదార పరిశ్రమ)
Jute Industry (జనుపనార పరిశ్రమ)
1. Textile Industry (వస్త్ర పరిశ్రమ) (0:43 - 13:44)
Overall Significance:
Largest industry in India (1:13-1:15).
Provides the highest employment (1:47-1:50).
Different from Railways (Departmental Undertaking); Textiles is a manufacturing/production sector (ఉత్పత్తి రంగం) (1:24-1:40).
Oldest Industry: Handloom (చేనేత పరిశ్రమ) is considered the oldest form of textile industry (1:54-1:58).
First Textile Mill:
Established in 1818 (2:10).
Location: Fort Gloster (పోస్ట్ గ్లాస్టర్), near Kolkata, West Bengal (2:11-2:18).
First Modern Textile Mill:
Name: Bombay Spinning and Weaving Mill (2:42).
Established in 1854 (2:48-2:49).
Location: Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra (2:50-2:54).
Concentration & Expansion:
Key Cities (Hubs - In order): Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Surat (3:36-3:41).
Expansion Timeline: Mumbai (1854), Ahmedabad (1858), Surat (1860) (3:53-4:04).
Key States (In order): Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu (4:17-4:21).
Cotton Production (Raw Material):
2023-24 Data: Top 3 states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana (4:40-4:47).
2022-23 Data (Economic Survey): Top 3 states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan (Speaker corrects/updates this later 11:40-11:51, distinguishing from the previous data).
Key Institutions & Policies:
National Textile Corporation (NTC): Established in 1968 (4:55-4:57). Purpose: To revive sick/loss-making textile mills (5:18-5:52).
Post-1991 Liberalization: Led to FDI, increased foreign competition (Jeans, designs mentioned), negatively impacted domestic handlooms due to price/quality/appeal factors (6:00-7:17).
Meera Seth Committee (మీరా సేఠ్ కమిటీ): Recommended support for handlooms (7:25-7:27). Led to establishment of Handloom Loan Fund (చేనేత రుణ నిధి) with ₹500 crores in 1997 (7:24-7:32).
Satyam Committee (సత్యం కమిటీ): Led to the National Textile Policy, 2000 (7:54-7:58).
Apparel Parks (అపారెల్ పార్క్స్): Established under the 2000 policy. Designated zones for export-oriented textile production with government incentives (tax breaks, subsidies) to lower costs and boost exports (8:10-9:21).
New Textile Policy, 2020: (10:05-10:08). Aims to increase India's global textile trade share to 15% by 2024-25 (from current 5%) and achieve $300 billion in export earnings (10:13-10:48).
Global Cotton Production Ranking (2022-23): 1st China, 2nd India, 3rd USA (11:04-11:07).
"Manchester" Titles:
Manchester of India: Ahmedabad (3:02-3:03).
Manchester of South India: Coimbatore (3:07-3:08).
Manchester of North India: Kanpur (3:10-3:15, 3:27-3:29).
2. Iron & Steel Industry (ఇనుము ఉక్కు పరిశ్రమ) (13:45 - 29:13)
First Iron Works: Barakar (బారాకరన్), West Bengal (14:29-14:37). Focused solely on iron.
First Integrated Iron & Steel Plant:
Name: TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) (14:59).
Established: 1907 (16:40-16:41).
Location: Sakchi (సాచి), renamed Jamshedpur (జంషెడ్ పూర్), Jharkhand (then Bihar) (15:26-15:31, 16:01-16:08).
Founder: Jamshedji Tata (Father of Indian Industrial Revolution - పారిశ్రామిక విప్లవ పితా) (15:45-16:14).
Significance: Largest steel plant in India (including private sector) (23:36). Currently produces highest quality steel (25:13-25:21).
First Public Sector Steel Plant:
Name: VISCO / VISL (Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited), initially Mysore Iron Works (17:07-17:10, 23:16-23:18).
Established: 1923 (17:19).
Location: Bhadravati, Karnataka (17:04-17:05).
Plants under Second Five-Year Plan (Est. c. 1959 under HSL):
Rourkela, Odisha (Germany collaboration) (17:51, 18:17).
Bhilai, Chhattisgarh (USSR collaboration) (17:52, 18:24).
Durgapur, West Bengal (UK collaboration) (17:53, 18:31).
Plant under Third Five-Year Plan (Est. 1964 under BSL):
Bokaro, Jharkhand (USSR collaboration likely) (19:16-19:27, 19:46).
SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited):
Established: 1973 (by merging HSL & BSL) (20:35-20:41, 22:43-22:48).
Manages public sector plants. Largest public sector steel entity (23:29-23:31, 23:44-23:48).
Other Major Public Plants (Later HSL/SAIL):
Hospet (Vijayanagar), Karnataka (1971) (21:10-21:15).
Salem, Tamil Nadu (1972) - Specializes in Stainless Steel for utensils (21:20-21:24, 24:06-24:14).
Vizag (Visakhapatnam), Andhra Pradesh (Foundation 1971, operational later) (21:25-21:28, 21:32-21:40).
Global Rankings (2022-23):
Iron Ore Production: India 4th (Australia 1st) (25:40-25:45).
Steel Production: India 2nd (China 1st) (25:56-26:08).
National Steel Policy (2005, 2017):
Aimed to protect domestic industry from imports via measures like customs duties (28:00-28:21).
2017 Policy Target (by 2030): 300 million tonnes capacity, 160 kg per capita consumption (28:36-28:52).
3. Sugar Industry (పంచదార పరిశ్రమ) (29:14 - 36:43)
First Sugar Mill:
Established: 1903 (29:23-29:24).
Location: Champaran, Bihar (29:24-29:28).
Production Rankings:
Sugar Production (Apr-Dec 2023): 1st Maharashtra, 2nd UP, 3rd Karnataka (29:46-29:50). (MH temporarily overtook UP).
Sugarcane Production (2022-23): 1st Maharashtra, 2nd UP, 3rd Karnataka (30:38-30:41).
Dual Pricing Policy (ద్వంద ధరల విధానము) (Introduced 1979):
Govt. buys a portion ('levy sugar') from mills at a fixed lower price for PDS (Ration Shops) (31:16-31:31).
Mills sell the rest in the open market (32:00-32:04).
Initial Levy: 40%. Current Levy: 10% (32:28, 33:11-33:13).
Differential pricing also exists for industrial consumers (higher rate) vs. general public (34:31-34:53).
4. Jute Industry (జనుపనార పరిశ్రమ) (36:44 - End)
First Jute Mill:
Established: 1859 (37:09).
Location: Rishra (రిస్రా), near Kolkata (37:09-37:13).
Significance: India is a top global producer (37:28-37:31). Jute has various uses (bags, furnishings, etc.) (37:36-38:23).
Impact of Partition (1947):
Most jute growing areas went to East Pakistan (Bangladesh) (39:14-39:17).
Most jute mills remained in India (West Bengal) (39:18-39:20).
Result: Severe raw material crisis, industry heavily impacted. Considered the industry most affected by partition (39:26-40:50).
Competition: Faces significant competition from plastic/polythene bags (41:04-41:08).
Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Act, 1987:
Mandated use of jute packaging to support the industry (41:41-41:49).
Current Rule: 100% mandatory jute packaging for food grains (42:36-42:42). (Requirement for sugar etc., might be different/relaxed).
Global Rankings:
Jute Production: India 1st, Bangladesh 2nd (42:46-42:52).
Jute Exports: Bangladesh 1st, India 2nd (Reason: High domestic consumption in India) (43:01-43:19).
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