Caste

 Here's the English translation of the provided Telugu notes, maintaining the original content and structure:

Caste

• → 3000 castes

• 25,000 sub-castes } As per Central Govt in India.

• For the first time in the world, the word 'Caste' was used by Gallyne Andy Orcha (Portuguese) in 1563 AD.

• In 2020000, the first to use the word 'Caste' were the Portuguese. Before that, the word 'Jathi' (race/ethnic group) was in use.

Caste:

1. From the word CASTA in Spanish language, CASTA means 'Jathi' (race/ethnic group), 'Vyavastha' (system). A collection of hereditary characteristics.

2. From the Latin word CASTUS, CASTUS means "PURE".

For the first time in India, the caste system was present as the 'Chaturvarna Vyavastha' (four-varna system) in the Rigveda's "Purusha Suktam".

4 categories. Color

1. Brahmins (Priests) - white - from Brahma's head - Upanayanam (Sacred Thread Ceremony) 8 to 12 years

2. Kshatriyas (Kings) - Red - from shoulder - 10 to 14 years

3. Vaishyas (Merchants) - yellow - from thigh - 12 to 16 years

4. Shudras (Servants) - Black - from feet --→ - not available

• Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas are called "Dvijas" (twice-born).

• Upanayanam: Wearing the sacred thread for education.

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Characteristics of Caste
The characteristics of caste can be understood through the following points:

1. By birth

2. Wedding method (through marriage traditions)

3. Food habits (through food customs)

4. Caste-occupation

5. Culture (through culture, traditions)

6. Caste-panchayat

7. Duty of some caste.

• In the book 'Indica', it is written as follows:

  1. Caste doesn't let itself be changed (meaning, no possibility of changing caste).

  2. No inter-caste marriages. (meaning, no inter-caste marriages are allowed).

[Note]: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Inter-caste Marriage Scheme

• Being implemented by the Central Government

• Cash incentive of 2,50,000 for those who opt for inter-caste marriage. Out of which, 1,50,000 immediately after marriage, 1,00,000 → 3 years after marriage along with interest.

Caste-based political parties in India

1. BSP (1984) by Kanshi Ram

2. SP (1992) by Mulayam Singh Yadav

3. RJD (1997) by Lalu Prasad Yadav

4. LJP (2000) Lok Janshakti Party by Ram Vilas Paswan

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Caste Reservation movements in India

• Movements demanding reservation by changing their caste from OC to OBC, or OBC to SC/ST.

  1. AP: Padmasali/Boyas → to be included in ST

  2. Kapu → to be included in OBC

  3. TG: Padmasali / Boya → to be included in ST

     • Koya/Lambadis → to be included in ST

  4. Rajasthan → Gujjars → to be included in ST

  5. Maharashtra → Marathas → to be included in OBC

  6. Gujarat → Patels → OBC

  7. Jats → seeking Minority status.

• Note: For understanding the status of ST communities in Telangana and examining the demands of castes seeking inclusion in ST.

• Rajani Kothari stated that for India to progress, three things must be removed from India:

  1. Political parties

  2. Political leaders

  3. Caste associations

Dominant Caste / Praabalya Kulam / Dominant caste:

• This concept was put forth by "Acharya Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas".

• Books:

  1. Dominant Caste in Rampura

  2. Social Change in Modern India

  3. Dominant Caste, Sanskritization & Westernization

• Castes that dominate in all aspects in respective regions:

  • Eg: AP: Kamma, Reddy, Velama

  • TG: Kamma, Reddy

  • Karnataka: Vokkaliga, Lingayats

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Theories of Caste

1. Origin of caste from God → Reason for this is Vedas

2. Racial theory →

3. Occupational theory → [developed by]

4. Jati and Varna theory - P.F. Slater

5. Geographic theory - Gilbert

6. Multi-factor theory - S.C. Roy, R.K. Mukherjee, Majumdar

7. Brahmin political image theory - Bouglé

8. Mana theory → J.H. Hutton

9. Sanskar theory → Hocart, Senart

10. Conflict theory → A.M.T. Aukun

11. Ram Prasad Chanda's theory

12. Blunt's theory

13. Slater's theory

14. Madan's theory

15. G.S. Ghurye's theory

Jajmani System

• Derived from the Sanskrit word 'Yajamani'.

• In 1979, 'Verma' introduced this.

• This describes the relationship between the master and servants.

• William Wiser first introduced Jajmani.

• Other names for servants → Kamin / Purajash / Parjan.

• Jajmani can be described as a part of the forced labor system.

• In this, servants are hereditary.

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Definitions of Jajmani System

• William Wiser: First introduced Jajmani.

  • Research on 'Uper' in Karimpur during 1925-1930.

  • Researched and established in 'Moinpur' in 'Up'.

  • 2 Books: 1. Hindu Jajmani System. 2. Behind Mud Walls.

1. Oscar Lewis: Jajmani system is when members of one caste go to another caste and work for them, helping them economically.

2. Biedelman: Compared the Jajmani system to the feudal system.

3. Edmund Leach: Explained about division of labor.

4. Acharya Mandelbaum: Stated the reasons for the decline of the Jajmani system:

   1. Decrease in the number of service castes.

   2. Increase in employment, education, and turning towards other professions.

State → Names of Jajmani System

1. AP: Jeetagallu, Paalerlu

2. TG: Mera Paddhati

3. Karnataka: Aaya Paddhati, Barabali

4. Gujarat: Jeetam

5. MP: Ada, Sewa

6. TN: Sumangala Tittum, Pandyaal