alpha2

 ... (Continuing from previous section) ...

6.  Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy [1977-82]: (continued)

    The youngest person to become President (62 years).
    It is criticized that he did not follow any constitutional procedures while dissolving the Janata state governments in 1980.
    It is also criticised that he did not call Jagjivan Ram to take charge after the fall of Charan Singh government in 1979.
    The 3rd person to become President without being Vice-President.

7.  Giani Zail Singh [1982-87]:

    The first Sikh President.
    The 4th person to become President without being Vice-President.
    Operation Bluestar took place.

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*   After Indira Gandhi's assassination, without following any parliamentary traditions, Rajiv Gandhi was appointed as Prime Minister, which is criticized.
*   He used the 'Pocket Veto' power on the controversial Postal Bill.
*   He sought an explanation from the central government regarding the Bofors scandal.

8.  **R. Venkataraman [1987-92]:**

    *   "My Presidential Years" (author).

    CITY XEROX
    1-10 237/A/1, Ashoknagar,
    HYDERABAD-500 020.
    Cell: 9704138226

    *   In 1989, when no party had a clear majority in the Lok Sabha elections, he established the tradition of inviting the leader of the single largest party to become Prime Minister.
    *The oath of the office by the first coalition government was held.
    *   He sent back the bill to increase the salaries of Members of Parliament for reconsideration.
    *   In 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi's death, he proposed the formation of a national government [for government formation].
    *   Vice President → President [4th person]

9.  **Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma [1992-97]:**

*   He is known as the "Politician President"
    *   Vice President → President (5th person).
    *   Governor (Andhra Pradesh) → Vice President → President.
    *   He sent back the bill regarding reservations for Dalit Christians.
    *   He sent back the decision of the central government to reduce the election campaign period from 20 days to 14 days for reconsideration.
    *   The demolition of the Babri Masjid happened during his tenure.
    *   When no party had a majority, he appointed Vajpayee, the leader of the single largest party, as Prime Minister in 1996.

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### Page 22 (Marked as "Page 2" in Original)

10. **K.R. Narayanan [1997-2002]:**

    *   The first Dalit President.
    *   Vice President → President (6th person).
    *   He was the first President to exercise his voting right (in the Parliamentary elections) while in office, as an ordinary citizen.
    *   He established the tradition that when forming a government at the center, those who support it must first give their letters of support to the President.
    *   He received the 'Best Statesman' award from the American government.
    *   He sent back the recommendation of the center to dismiss Kalyan Singh's government in UP for reconsideration.
    *   He was elected President with the highest majority.
    *   He sent back the recommendation of the NDA government to dismiss Rabri Devi's government and impose President's rule.
    *   He sought an explanation from the Center about the attacks on minorities in Gujarat and other parts of the country.

11. **A.P.J. Abdul Kalam [2002-07]:**

    *   He became President without any political background.
    *He is known as the "Scientist President".
    *   In 2002, he sought an explanation from the central government regarding the amendments to the "Representation of the People Act".
    *In 2006, he sent it for reconsideration
    *   He exercised his voting right in the Delhi Assembly elections while in office.
    *   He was the 5th person to become President without being Vice President.
    *   He is the author of "Wings of Fire".
    *   He is the "Father of Indian Missile Science".

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### Page 23 (Marked as "Page 3" in Original)

12. **Pratibha Patil [2007 - Present]:**  (Note: "Present" at the time of the document's creation)

    *   The first female President [of Maharashtra].
    *   She was the only person to become President after being the Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
    *   Before becoming President, she served as the Governor of Rajasthan.
    *   She defeated Bhairon Singh Shekhawat to become President.
    *   She rejected the recommendation of the then Chief Election Commissioner N. Gopalaswami to remove Election Commissioner Naveen Chawla, based on the advice of the central government.
    *   She recently rejected the Gujarat Control of Terrorism and Organised Crime Act, based on the recommendations of the center.
    *   She has not served only as Chief Minister & Vice President.
    *   She is the 13th President of India and the 12th person.
    *   The first woman to contest for the post of President - Captain Lakshmi Sahgal

    *   Vice President → President:

        1.  Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
        2.  Zakir Husain
        3.  V.V. Giri
        4.  R. Venkataraman
        5.  Shankar Dayal Sharma
        6.  K.R. Narayanan

    *   Became President without being Vice President:

        1.  Babu Rajendra Prasad
        2.  Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
        3.  Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
        4.  Giani Zail Singh
        5.  Abdul Kalam
        6.  Pratibha Patil

    *Those who held the office of Vice President, but did not become President.

        1.  G.S. Pathak
        2.  B.D. Jatti
        3.  Mohammad Hidayatullah
        4.  Krishan Kant
        5.  Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

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### Page 24 (Marked as "Page 4" in Original)

    *   Acting Presidents:

        1.  V.V. Giri
        2.  Mohammad Hidayatullah
            [He served as Acting President twice]
        3.  B.D. Jatti

    *   State that provided most of the Presidents - Tamil Nadu
    *   State that provided the most Prime Ministers - Uttar Pradesh

    **Vice President:**

    *   Article 63 deals with the Vice President.
    *   The Constituent Assembly proposed the establishment of the office of Vice President.
    *Our country borrowed it from the US.
    *   Article 66 states that the Vice President is elected by an 'Electoral College' through proportional representation.
    *   Members of the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha constitute the 'Electoral College'.
    *   The Election Commission of India conducts these elections.
    * The parliament has power to ammend regarding vice president election.
    *   Until 1962, the election of the Vice President was held through a joint session of both houses by open voting.
    *   Since 1962, this election has been conducted through secret ballot.

    Qualifications:

    1.  Must be a citizen of India.
    2.  Must be 35 years of age.
    3.  Must be eligible to be elected to Parliament.
    4.  Should not hold any office of profit under the central or state governments.

    *   According to the amendments made to the election law in 1997, the following qualifications must be met.

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### Page 25 (Marked as "Page 5" in Original)

    1.  Must be able to pay a deposit of 15,000/-.
    2.  Must be proposed by 20 electors (members of the Electoral College) and seconded by another 20.

    *   Only those who receive 1/6th of the votes polled will get their deposit money back.
    *   Disputes related to the elections of the President and Vice President are dealt with by the Supreme Court as per Article 71.
    *   In 1957 and 1974, the Supreme Court ruled that even if there are vacancies in the 'Electoral College', the elections of the President and Vice President can be held.
    *   The term of office of the Vice President is 5 years. But as per Article 68, the Vice President can continue in office until the election of the Vice President.
    *   The constitution does not specify how long after the office of Vice President becomes vacant for any reason, the election should be held.
    *   Article 69 - The Vice President takes the oath of office before the President.
    *   The Vice President submits his resignation to the President.
    *   In 1969, through amendments made to the law governing the discharge of duties of the President and Vice President, if the office of the President is vacant, the resignation should be submitted to the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. [The resignation letter should be addressed only to the President]

    Salary and Allowances:

    *   There is no mention of the salary and allowances of the Vice President in the Constitution.
    *   Article 97 - The Vice President receives salary only as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
    *   Their salary and allowances are determined by Parliament.
    *   Salary and allowances are not subject to Income Tax. There is no opportunity for voting in Parliament on these.
    *   Currently, the salary of the Vice President is: 1,25,000 rupees.

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Removal [Article 92]

*   The Vice President can be removed with the general majority of both the houses.
*   He can be removed on charges of incompetency and misbehavior.
*   The resolution to impeach the Vice President can be moved only in Rajya Sabha.
*   Atleast 50 members signed resolution should be given to the speaker 14 days before.
*   During the discussion, Vice President can attend, but cannot preside.
*   The Vice President does not have the right to vote on no-confidence motion.
*   Even when there is a tie, Vice president cannot vote.

Powers and Duties.

*   Article 64- The Vice President acts as the chairman of Rajyasabha.
    [This is borrowed from America]
*   Article 65- When the President position is vacant for any reason, the vice President acts as the temporary President.

    a)  When the vice president acts as the temporary President, he should not preside over the rajyasabha meetings.
    \*) When acting as the temporary President, Vice President gets the same salary and allowances as the President.

*   Temporary President is sworn in the presence of the CJI.
*   As a chancellor of various universities in India, he appoints Vice-Chancellors.
*   He acts as the chairman of the committee, that awards the Bharat Ratna and other Padma awards.
    z)  Article 10- The Vice President, due to other reasons, can also discharge the duties of the president.
        Ex: In 1962, due to severe illness, when Babu Rajendra Prasad was in the German Hospital, Sarvepalli acted as the President.

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Vice-Presidents:

1.  Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan[1952-62]
2.  Zakir Hussain[1962-67]
3.  V.V.Giri[1961-69]
4.  G.S.Pathak[1969-74]
5.  B.D. Jatti[1974-79]
6.  Mohammad Hidayatullah[1979-84]
7.  R. Venkataraman[1984-87]
8.  Shankar Dayal Sharma[1987-92]
9.  K.R. Narayanan[1992-97]
10. Krishan Kant[1997-2002]
11. Bhairon Singh Shekhawat[2002-07]
12. Hamid Ansari[2007-present]

*   Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, worked as the Vice President for most time and twice.
*   V.V.Giri worked as the Vice President for the shortest time.
*   First Dalit Vice President - K.R. Narayanan
*   Person who died while holding the post- K. Krishan Kant
*   The person who was holding the post and participated as presidential candidate, but failed- Bhairon Singh Shekhawat.
*   Present vice President is 13th by office, and 12th by person.
*   Hamid Ansari won against Najma Heptulla.
*   In the last Vice President election, Rashid Masood competed as the candidate of the UPNA.
*   Indian Vice president is compared to wales Crown Prince-Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
*   "Due to his intelligence and personal morals, as well as his respect and because of his behavior, the Presidents and Prime Ministers, in various matters, used to seek his advice"-Norman D. Palmer.

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Central Council of Ministers.

[74,75,77,78 Articles]

*   In the Governance of the country, with Prime Minister as the Head, the Central Council of ministers, performs the actual administrative powers.
*   Due to our country's adoption of Parliamentary system, with Prime Minister as the head, the cabinet is crucial and true to the country's governance.

Article 53- The governance of the country can be done by the President, himself or with the help of other officers.

Article 74(1)- To help and provide suggestions to the President, in the governance of the country, with Prime Minister as the head, the Central Council of ministers works.

*   In 1976, the Indira Gandhi Government, through 42nd amendment, added a provision, that it is mandatory for the president to adhere to the suggestions by the council of ministers.
*   In 1978, through the 44th Amendment, Janata Government, changed the 42nd amendment, stating that it is not necessary for the president to follow the advice, but can send it for reconsideration; If the council passes the same resolution for the second time, then the president must accept it.

Article 74(2)- It is prohibited to question the advice of the council of ministers to the President in the court of law.

*   Advice of the council of ministers will not come under RTI.

Article 75(1)- President appoints the Prime minister and other ministers with the advice of the Prime minister.

*   When no party or coalition gets majority in Lok Sabha, the President uses his discretion to appoint Prime Minister.

Article 75(A) - The Council of Ministers will hold the office, till they have the trust of the president.

*   President can dismiss the council of ministers.
*   Ministers, individually, are responsible to the President.
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### Page 29 (Marked as "Page 9" in original)
*Article 75(3)- The Central Council of ministers are collectively responsible to Lok Sabha.
*As long as they have the trust(majority) in the Lok Sabha, the Central Council of Ministers stays in power. 8)
Article 75(4)-The Central Council of Ministers swear in the presence of the President.
Article 75(5)-People, working as central ministers, should be members of the parliament.
If the non-MP's are appointed as Ministers, in 6 months, they have to be elected or nominated to the Parliament.
*In Kapoor Vs. Tamil Nadu Government case, the SC said that the people who are not eligible to be the members of Parliament at central and MLA's at states cannot be appointed as Ministers.
Article 75(6)- The Parliament decides the salaries and perks of the Central Council of Ministers.
Article 77(1)- Total administration of India must be done by President.
Article 77(2)-It is prohibited to question in any court of law that the administration is carried out by the President.
*The orders by various departments ministers, should also be issued in the name of the President.
Article 77(3)- The President allocates ministries, to the central ministers, with the advice of the Prime Minister.
Article 78(1)-The Prime Minister informs the President about the decisions of the Central Council of Ministers.
Article 78(2)-The President can ask the Central Council of Ministers to inform him/her of their decisions.
*When President Zail Singh asked PM Rajiv Gandhi for explanation about the purchase of Bofors weapons, as the government did not give the information, it has led to constitutional controversy.
Article 78(3)-The President can ask for clarification about whether the ministers' statements are their personal statements? Or the joint decision?

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Prime Minister.

In a Parliamentary government, Prime Minister is the real authority.

*   Although all the governance of the country is done in the name of the President, he acts only with the advice of the council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister.
*   In the 1955 Ram Jawaya Kapoor vs Punjab Government case, the Supreme Court stated that the President must act only with the advice of the Council of Ministers.
*   In the Shamsher Singh vs Indian Government case, the SC ruled that the President must act according to the suggestions and advice of the Council of Ministers.
*   Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, "The Prime Minister of our country can be compared to the President of America."
*   Ambedkar described the Prime Minister, "He is like a pillar for the Parliament building."

Head of the Council of Ministers.

*   Acts as the leader of the council of Ministers.
*   With the Advice of PM, President appoints ministers.
*   With the advice of PM, President, allots ministries to the Ministers and also dismiss them.
*   President of the council of Ministers.
*   Prepares the Agenda that needs to be discussed.
*   If PM resigns, then the total council of Ministers will be dissolved.
*   PM should submit his resignation to the President. But for parliament membership, he should submit the letter to the speaker of the house of which he/she is a member.

Leader of Lok Sabha.

*   The Leader of a party or coalition that got the majority in Lok Sabha, will be appointed as Prime Minister by the President.
*   The Central council of Ministers are collectively responsible to Lok Sabha, meaning, the leader of council, PM, also leads the house.
*   With the advice of Prime Minister, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha.
*   If PM is the member of Rajya Sabha, then he can nominate another representative to the house.
    Ex: Present(14th) Leader of the Lok Sabha- Pranab Kumar Mukherjee.

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Link between the President and the Council of Ministers:

*   By informing the President about the decisions of the Central Council of Ministers, and by informing the Council of Ministers about the opinions of the President, the PM acts as a link between the two.

Leader of the Nation:

*   When dealing with foreign countries, the Prime Minister acts as the leader of our country.
*   In 1983, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi presided over the 7th Non-Aligned Summit held in Delhi.
*   After the death of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi led the Non-Aligned Movement.
*   Recently, Manmohan Singh's negotiation for Nuclear Deal with America(123 Agreement).

Coordinator of National Administration:

*   In coordinating the country's governance, the Prime Minister plays a crucial role by holding the following positions:

    (a) Chairman of the Planning Commission.
    (b) Chairman of the National Development Council.
    (c) Chairman of the National Integration Council.
    (d) Chairman of the National Security Council.
    (e) Chairman of the Inter-State Council.
    (f) Chairman of the meeting of Chief Ministers of all states.
    (g) Chairman of the National Population Control Board.

*   He plays an Important role in appointing various committees on the issues that the country faces.
*   He leads the screening committees that suggest names for NHRC, CVS (Vigilance), tribunals - chairpersons, and Right to Information Act Commissioners.
*   Lord Morley described the Prime Minister as "Primus inter pares".
*   "The Prime Minister is like the foundation stone for the cabinet building"-Laski.
*   Lord Munro

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*"The Prime Minister is like the moon among the stars" - William Vernon Harcourt.
*"The Prime Minister is like a captain who steers the ship of parliamentary government." - Ramsay Muir
*"The Prime Minister is like a star that revolves around many planets." - Sir Ivor Jennings
*"It is not true to say that the Prime Minister is first among equals; The Prime Minister is the one with the authority over others"- JR Dudal.
*"If we look at the authority and Importance given to the Prime Minister, there is a threat that they might become dictators"- Dr. K.T. Shah.

Indian Prime Ministers

1.  Jawaharlal Nehru [1947-64]:

    *   First Prime Minister of India.
    *   Served as Prime Minister for the longest time (16 years, 286 days).
    *   Architect of India's foreign policy.
    *   He signed the Panchsheel Agreement with Chou En-lai of China.
    *   The architect of democratic socialism.
    *   He was called the maker of modern India.
    *   He initiated the Panchayati Raj system in 1959.
    *   Due to the war with China in 1962, the first National Emergency was declared in our country.
    *   He practically demonstrated the secularism ideology.
    *   He wrote books like, "Discovery of India", "Glimpses of World History."
    *   Architect of mixed economy. The first Prime Minister to die in office.
    *   4.

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### Page 33 (Marked as "Page 13" in original)

2.  Lal Bahadur Shastri [1964-66]:

    *   The first person to serve as a Union Minister without any portfolio.
    *   He gave the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan".
    *   He signed the "Tashkent Agreement" with Pakistan (Ayub Khan).
    *   The only Prime Minister to die abroad.
    *   The 2nd Prime Minister to die in office.
    *   He resigned from his ministerial post (Railway Ministry) taking moral responsibility for a train accident that took place in Karnataka.
    *   The first person to become Prime Minister after serving as a Union Minister.

    (After Nehru's death in 1964 and after Lal Bahadur Shastri's death in 1966 (twice), Gulzarilal Nanda was the only person to serve as acting Prime Minister.)

3.  Indira Gandhi [1966-77 and 1980-84]:

    *   First female Prime Minister.
    *   The first person to become Prime Minister as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
    *   Served as Prime Minister for the longest time through general elections (15 years, 303 days).
    *   She took the oath of office as Prime Minister 4 times.
    *   The only Prime Minister to be assassinated while in office and the 3rd person to die in office.
    *   The person who lost after contesting in the general elections while being Prime Minister.
    *   She gave the slogan "Garibi Hatao".
    *   She introduced the 20-point program.
    *   Nationalization of banks and abolition of privy purses were important.
    *   She gave "Anyaay Hatao" slogan
    *   She imposed the "National Emergency" the most times.
    *   Most of the constitutional amendments were done.
    *   The reshuffle of Chief Ministers and Governors was also done the most during her time.
    *   Article 356 was used the most (many times).
    *   In 1971, a 20-year peace treaty was signed with Russia.

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    *   In 1972, she signed the "Simla Agreement" with Pakistan (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto).
    *   In 1974, India's first nuclear tests were conducted at Pokhran.
    *   In 1975, the Allahabad High Court ruled that Indira Gandhi's election was invalid.
    *   The "Operation Blue Star" took place during her tenure.
    *   The 9th Asian Games were held in 1982.
    *   She faced a special court trial on the charges of internal emergency imposed in 1975.
    *   She was arrested and detained for 3 days.
    *   The fourth person to be both a Union Minister and Prime Minister. After the 1969 Congress split, she led the first minority government.

4.  Morarji Desai [1977-79]:

    *   First non-Congress Prime Minister.
    *   He led the first coalition government in the country.
    *   He presented the budget the most number of times (8 times) in Parliament.
    *   He introduced the rolling plan.
    *   He appointed the Ashoka Mehta Committee to revitalize the Panchayati Raj system and local bodies.
    *   He appointed the 2nd Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commission).
    *   He decided to follow the true non-aligned policy.
    *   The first person to become Prime Minister after being Chief Minister.
    *   He resigned from the Indira Gandhi government protesting against the devaluation of the rupee.
    *   The only Prime Minister to appoint two Deputy Prime Ministers.
    *   Third person to be both Union Minister and Prime Minister.
    *   The first Prime Minister to resign from office.

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5.  Charan Singh [1979-80]:

    *   The first person to propose a no-confidence motion in Parliament.
    *   He resigned without setting foot in Parliament.
    *   He was known as the farmer's friend.
    *   He founded the "Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD)".
    *   Second person to be both Chief Minister and Prime Minister.
    *   Fourth person to be both a union minister and prime minister.

6.  Rajiv Gandhi [1984-89]:

    *   Became Prime Minister at the youngest age (42 years).
    *   The Prime Minister who won the most seats (401) in the Lok Sabha.
    *   He introduced the new education policy.
    *   He gave the slogan "Bekari Hatao".
    *   He introduced the Anti-Defection Law.
    *   First ever government of Brahmacharis in the world.
    *   60 members were bachelors in the Assam Government.
    *   He reduced the voting age limit from 21 years to 18 years.
    *   He introduced Information Technology.
    *   He established the Africa Fund.
    *   The "Assam Accord" took place during his tenure.
    *   He sent the IPKF-Indian Peace Keeping Force to Sri Lanka.
    *   He reshuffled the Union Cabinet the most number of times (13 times).
    *   The "Gorkhaland Agreement" (Punjab Agreements) took place.
    *   The Bofors and Fairfax scandals came to light.
    *   He appointed the L.N. Singhvi Committee to give constitutional status to Panchayati Raj and local self-governing bodies.

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7.  Vishwanath Pratap Singh [1989-90]:

    *   Third person to be both Chief Minister and Prime Minister.
    *   Fifth Person to be both a union minister and prime minister.
    *   He established the "Jan Morcha" against corruption.
    *   He initiated the implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations.
    *   He established the Inter-State Council in 1990.
    *   He appointed the Dinesh Goswami Committee for electoral reforms.
    *   He lost power due to the withdrawal of support by the BJP in the "Ram Janmabhoomi-Ayodhya" dispute.
    *   The first Prime Minister to lose power through a "vote of confidence".
    *   He led the National Front government.
    *   The National Commission for SCs and STs was established.
    *   He resigned from the Rajiv Gandhi government in opposition to the Bofors and Fairfax scandals.

8.  Chandra Shekhar [1990-91]:

    *   He became Prime Minister without holding any office at the center.
    *   He was known as "Young Turk" in Indian politics.
    *   A person known for political foot marches in India.
    *   He was the pioneer of political foot marches in India.

9.  P.V. Narasimha Rao [1991-96]:

    *   First Telugu and first South Indian Prime Minister.
    *   He became Prime Minister without being a member of any house in Parliament (1st person).
        (Later elected to the Lok Sabha from Nandyal.)
    *   He continued in power for a full term leading a minority government.
    *   Economic reforms were introduced in India during his tenure.
    *   He introduced "Look east policy"
        West - Developed Countries.
        East-

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### Page 37 (Marked as "Page 17" in original)

    *   He gave the slogan "Desh Bachao, Desh Banao".
    *   He was a polyglot (14 languages).
    *   He faced the no-confidence motion the most number of times (8 times).
    *   He was the Sixth person who was a central minister and became prime minister
    *   Fourth Person who was a CM and became PM.
    *   The demolition of the Babri Masjid took place during his tenure.
    *   He faced 3 years of imprisonment (jail) in the Lakhubhai Pathak cheating case.
        (The Special Court imposed it, but the Delhi High Court quashed it.)
    *   He is the author of "The Insider".

10. Atal Bihari Vajpayee [15 days in 1996 & 13 months in 1998 & 1999-04]:

    *   He formed the government with the support of the most parties at the center.
    *   He led the NDA coalition from 1999-2004.
    *   He lost power by one vote through a no-confidence motion.
    *   He proposed a confidence motion and resigned without voting.
    *   The 2nd nuclear tests were conducted at Pokhran in 1998.
    *   He effectively faced the Kargil War.
    *   He tried to reach a strategic agreement with the United States.
    *   He started the "Lahore Bus Diplomacy" to establish friendly relations with Pakistan.
    *   He gave the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan".
    *   The terrorist attack on Parliament took place in 2001.
    *   He was the first person to address the United Nations General Assembly in Hindi.

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11. H.D. Deve Gowda [1996-97]:

    *   2nd South Indian Prime Minister (Karnataka state).
    *   The second person to become Prime Minister without being a member of any house in Parliament.
    *   Fifth person who was Chief Minister and became prime minister.
    *   He led the United Front government formed by 13 parties.
    *   He held power through the 3rd coalition.
    *   He held power with the support of Congress.
    *   The 2nd Prime Minister to lose power due to defeat in a confidence motion.
    *   The 2nd person to become Prime Minister as a member of the Rajya Sabha.

12. I.K. Gujral [1997-98]:

    *   After the fall of the Deve Gowda government, he led the United Front government.
    *   The 3rd person to become Prime Minister as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
    *   Seventh person to be both union minister and prime minister.
    *   He gave a new form to India's foreign policy with the name "Gujral Doctrine".
    *   He resigned from office due to the withdrawal of support by Congress.

13. Dr. Manmohan Singh [2004 – Present]:

    *   The 4th person to become Prime Minister as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
        * (He was elected to the Rajya Sabha from Assam).
    *   After Nehru, he is the only person to serve a full term as Prime Minister and be elected for a second term.
    *   He led the UPA coalition of 17 parties for the first time and the UPA coalition of 13 parties for the second time.
    *   Eight Person to be both a union minister and prime minister.
    *   As Finance Minister in the P.V. Narasimha Rao government, he introduced economic reforms and as Prime Minister, he introduced the 2nd phase of economic reforms.
    *   '15-point program' for the welfare of minorities!
    *   He faced a confidence test twice in his first term.

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### Page 39 (Marked as "Page 19" in original)

*   The "123 Nuclear Agreement" was signed with the United States.
*   The Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme was introduced.
*   The Madan Mohan Punchhi Commission was set up to examine Centre-State relations.
*   A special sub-committee was formed from the Inter-State Council under the leadership of Shivraj Patil and sought appropriate suggestions on Centre-State relations.

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Deputy Prime Minister

*   The post of Deputy Prime Minister is not specifically mentioned in the Indian Constitution.
*   When there are leaders of equal status in the government or a political party, this post is created according to the circumstances and needs.

| Name                      | Tenure    | Prime Minister        |
| :------------------------- | :-------- | :--------------------- |
| 1. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel | 1947-50   | Jawaharlal Nehru      |
| 2. Morarji Desai           | 1967-69   | Indira Gandhi        |
| 3. (a) Babu Jagjivan Ram   | 1977-79   | Morarji Desai        |
|    (b) Charan Singh        |           |                       |
| 4. Y.B. Chavan            | 1979-80   | Charan Singh          |
| 5. Devi Lal               | 1989-90   | V.P. Singh            |
| 6. Devi Lal               | 1990-91   | Chandra Shekhar       |
| 7. L.K. Advani             | 2002-04   | Vajpayee             |

*   In 1989, when Devi Lal took oath as Deputy Prime Minister, it was challenged in the Supreme Court as unconstitutional. The Supreme Court ruled that since the Indian Constitution does not mention the types and levels of ministers, taking oath as Deputy Prime Minister is not unconstitutional.

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**Kendhra Mantri Mandali (Central Council of Ministers)**

>   Because India follows a parliamentary system, the 93 (mantri mandali) council of minister headed by Prime Minister acts as real authority.
>   "Parliamentary government is like the rudder of a ship" - Ramsay Muir

>   In the Indian Constitution, there is no mention of the ranks, types, and levels of the ministers in the Central Council of Ministers.

>   In 1949, the committee formed under the leadership of Gopalaswami Ayyangar, classified them, keeping in mind the types of ministerial departments in force.

    a.  Cabinet Ministers
    b.  Rajya Mantrulu (State Ministers)
    c.  Deputy Ministers

>   In the Indian constitution there is no refference regarding the number of ministers

>   In 1966, the First Administrative Reforms Commission recommended that the number of members in the Central Council of Ministers should not exceed 10% of the number of members of Parliament. The number of members of the State Council of Ministers should also not exceed 10% of the number of members of the Legislative Assembly.

>   By the 91st Amendment in 2003, it was decided that the number of members of the Council of Ministers in the Center and the States should not exceed 15% of the number of members of the Lok Sabha, and in the States, it should not exceed 15% of the number of members of the Legislative Assembly.

>   According to Section 1(B) of the 91st Amendment, a person who has been declared ineligible under the Anti-Defection Law cannot be taken into a ministerial position until the end of that government's term.

**Cabinet Mantrulu (Cabinet Ministers):**

>   The ministers who handle key departments in the government have the status of Central Cabinet.
>   The Cabinet meets once a week.
>   The word 'Cabinet' was added to Article 352 by the 44th Amendment in 1978.
>   The Political Affairs Committee (PAC) formed from the Cabinet acts as the Cabinet.
>   Cabinet Ministers are the final decision-makers in matters related to their respective portfolios.
>   Cabinet Ministers, in addition to the 68,000/- salary they receive as MPs, also get...

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...10,000/- allowance.

**Rajya Mantrulu (State Ministers):**

>   Among these, there are two types of సహాయ (sahaya - assistant/support) ministers.

    (a) Those with independent charge -  For departments that do not have Cabinet-level ministers, assistant ministers with independent charge are appointed.
    (b) Those without independent charge - Ministers of this level work entirely as assistants to the Cabinet Ministers.

>   These types of ministers do not attend Cabinet meetings.  That is, they attend only when invited by the Prime Minister to discuss matters related to their departments.

>Generally parliamentary sabhyula (members) along with salary an additional 7000/- get allowances

**Deputy Ministers:**

>   These work entirely as assistants to the Cabinet and State Ministers.
>   They attend the full Council of Ministers meetings only on special occasions.
> along with MPs allowances get additional 5000/- .

**Kendhra Manthri Mandali Mukhya Vidhulu (Main Functions of the Central Council of Ministers):**

>   It formulates the laws necessary for the administration of the country.
>   It is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
>   It prepares the text of the President's address to Parliament.
>   It formulates the economic policies of the country, including the budget.
>   It makes changes in government policies according to the changes in the world.
>   It formulates India's foreign policy.
>   Article 356 - It oversees the administrative affairs of the states where President's rule has been imposed.
>   It fulfills the responsibility of protecting the country from foreign attacks and wars.
>It provides cooperation to the states in maintenance of law and order.
>It gives advice and assistance to the President in managing the countries administration.
>   The President exercises his powers only on the advice of the Central Council of Ministers.

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>   The President exercises all emergency powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
>   The President recommends the names of all positions appointed constitutionally.
>   It performs legislative responsibilities.

**(94)**

**Samishti Badhyata Sutramlo Imidivunna Amsalu (Elements Embedded in the Principle of Collective Responsibility):**

>   If a bill introduced by any minister in the Lok Sabha is defeated, the Council of Ministers must resign.
>   If the confidence motion introduced by the Prime Minister in the Lok Sabha is defeated, the entire Council of Ministers must resign.
>   If the motion of thanks to the President's address to Parliament is defeated in the Lok Sabha, the government must resign.
>   If the no-confidence motion introduced by the opposition is passed in the Lok Sabha, the government must resign.
>   If private bills (unofficial bills) are passed in the Lok Sabha, the government must resign.
>   If the opposition introduces cut motions on budget allocations in the Lok Sabha and they are passed, the government must resign.
>   If the Prime Minister's post falls vacant for any reason, the entire Council of Ministers is dissolved.
>   Even if the ruling Council of Ministers wins again in the Lok Sabha elections, they have to submit their resignations and take the oath again.

\*[In India, the Central and State governments work based on the principle of collective responsibility.]\*

**Mantrulu leka Tolaginchabadina Mantrulu (Ministers who resigned or were removed from the Central Council of Ministers due to violation of the principle of collective responsibility):**

1.  The person who resigned from the Central Council of Ministers due to differences with Nehru on the Hindu Code Bill - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
2.  Due to differences with the importance given to, or the structure of, the Planning Commission, resigned - V.V. Giri
3.  Resigned due to not liking the economic policies - John Mathai
4.  Resigned in opposition to the division of Bombay State - C.D. Deshmukh (187)

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5.  Due to making contradictory statements during the war with China, the person removed from the Central Council of Ministers - V.K. Krishna Menon
6.  Resigned in opposition to the Tashkent Agreement signed by Lal Bahadur Shastri with Pakistan - Mahavir Tyagi
7.  Due to differences arising on the Three-Language Formula, resigned from the Central Council of Ministers - M.C. Chagla
8.  Resigned in protest against the devaluation of the rupee - Morarji Desai
9.  Resigned during the Janata government due to the issue of dual membership - Charan Singh
10. Resigned (due to differences with Rajiv) on the issue of Muslim women's marriage, divorce, and maintenance law - Arif Mohammad Khan
11. Resigned due to the Bofors and Fairfax scandals - V.P. Singh
12. After the demolition of the Babri Masjid, due to criticizing P.V. Narasimha Rao for the election results in 4 states, the minister who was removed - Kumar Mangalam
13. Resigned to Vajpayee Government regarding the godhra riots issue - Ram Vilas Paswan

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**Parliamentu (Parliament)**

>   India's highest legislative body is Parliament.
>   The President, although not a member of Parliament, is considered part of Parliament. (94)
>   Article 79 - Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, and the President together constitute Parliament.
>   The bicameral system was introduced in India through the 1919 Act.
>   In 1954, the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha, G.V. Mavalankar, first described the Upper House as 'Rajya Sabha' and the Lower House as 'Lok Sabha'.
>   The Indian Parliament was formed in 1952.

**Rajya Sabha:**

>   Article 80 - Describes the Rajya Sabha.
>   The Rajya Sabha is described as the Council of States, the States' Council, the States' Assembly, the Upper House, and the House of Elders.
>   The number of members of the Rajya Sabha is determined by Parliament.
>   According to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, the maximum number was fixed at 250.
>   The current number of Rajya Sabha members is 245.
>   The number of members elected from the states is 229.
>   Three from Delhi and one from Puducherry are elected by their respective Legislative Assemblies.
>   The President nominates 12 members who are distinguished in the fields of arts, literature, science, and social service.
>   The 4th Schedule describes the number of Rajya Sabha members.

>Initially based on population and area, members where elected to different states.

>   Article 89 - Although it mentions the term of the Lok Sabha, there is no mention of the term of the Rajya Sabha.

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>   According to the representation of people Act, 1951 the term of RS is 6 years
>   Members of Rajya Sabha neither get elected nor retire at once.
>   1/3rd of the total members of the House retire, and elections are held for an equal number (1/3rd) of seats.
>   Because biennial elections are held for the Rajya Sabha, and it cannot be dissolved, this House is called the 'Nirantara Sabha' (Continuous House) and 'Saswata Sabha' (Permanent House).
>   The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies through the system of proportional representation.

>Like in America, though representation to states are allocated in our country's RS. Equal representation to all states have not been provided.

>\*Rajya Sabha lo Atyadhika Sthanala Kaligivunna Rashtralu (States with the highest number of seats in Rajya Sabha):\*

    Uttar Pradesh: - 31
    Maharashtra -19
    Andhra Pradesh -18
    Tamil Nadu -18
    Paschima (West) Bengal - 16
    Bihar - 16

>\*Ati Takkuva Sthanalu Rashtralu (States with the lowest number of seats):\*

Except assam(1) and other 7 north eastern states, goa has one member each.

>   There are no reservations for Rajya Sabha seats.
>   The members of the Rajya Sabha take the oath according to Article 99, in the presence of the President or an official appointed by him.
>   According to Article 89, the Vice President acts as the Ex-officio Chairman (Adhyakshudu - Chairman) for the Rajya Sabha meetings.

Sabhalo (In house)

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> Though the Vice President is not a member, he presides over the Rajya Sabha.
>   If the Chairman is not present, the Rajya Sabha members elect a Deputy Chairman to preside. (96)
>   If both the Chairman and Deputy Chairman are not present, a person elected by the House presides, as declared by the Chairman in the Chairman's Panel.
>   If none of the above are present, a person elected by the House presides.
>   The minimum number of members required to conduct Rajya Sabha meetings, called 'Quorum', is 1/10th of the total number of members.
>   Article 100 - Describes the 'Quorum'.
>   The number of members a political party needs to have to be recognized as the opposition in the Rajya Sabha is 1/10th.

> \*Rajyasabhalo Modalati Gurtimpu Pondina Pratipaksha Nayakulu (First Recognized Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha):\*

  - Kamalapati Tripathi (1977): Congress

> \*Rajyasabhaku Modati -Chairmanga Panichesina Varu (First to serve as Chairman of Rajya Sabha):\*

- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

>\*Rajyasabha Modalati D.-Chairman : V. Yas. Krishnamurthy\*

> \*Rajyasabha Prastuta Chairman\*

> \*""     ""      ""       Dy.  Chairman\*   : Hamid Ansari (Jammu & Kashmir)

> \*Rajyasabha Pratipaksha Neta\*    : Rahman Khan (Karnataka)

> \*    ""      ""    Prastuta Nayakulu\*    : Dr., Manmohan Singh

> \*    ""      ""    ""   Nayakulu\*          : Arun Jaitley

> \*   "      "     ""   Prastuta Nayakulu\*          :

>Although the term is not defined constitutionally, they can continue till the end of their term in RS (6 yrs).

>   To remove the Chairman and Deputy Chairman from office, a notice of removal resolution must be given to the Speaker 14 days in advance.

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>   When the Chairman or Deputy Chairmen are facing a no-confidence motion, they cannot preside over the House.
>   The Vice President can attend the House when facing a no-confidence motion, but cannot participate in the voting.
>   When the Deputy Chairman is facing a no-confidence motion, they can attend the House and participate in the voting as an ordinary member.  In this motion, if the votes are tied in the House, the Vice President can use his 'Casting Vote'.
>   According to the amendment made in the Representation of the People Act in 2002, candidates contesting for the Rajya Sabha do not need to submit a domicile certificate of that state.

**Rajya Sabha Pratyeka Adhikaralu (Special Powers of the Rajya Sabha):**

>   Article 249 - If the Rajya Sabha passes a special resolution (by a 2/3rd majority) that any subject in the State List has national importance, the power to make laws on that subject is transferred from the State to the Center.

>\*Example: In 1965, based on a Rajya Sabha resolution on food grains, the Center made a law.\*

>   The law made by the Center through a Rajya Sabha resolution remains in force for 1 year. If the Rajya Sabha passes another resolution, it can be extended for another year, and so on.

>   Article 312 - To create new All India Services in India, the Rajya Sabha must pass a special resolution.
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> *Example: Sarkaria Commission Suchanalu Dwara (By recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission) IES and IHMS were proposed to be created. IES-Indian Engineering Service, IHMS-Indian Health & Medical Services*

>Even if an emergency situation is proclaimed, if LS is dissolved, RS should accept the Presidents proposal.
>   The motion to remove the Vice President from office must first be introduced in the Rajya Sabha.
>   In the context of electing Rajya Sabha members, the system of proportional representation used also contains the following elements:

    (a) Voting according to preference
    (b) Multi-member constituency
    (c) Quota system
    (d) Vote transfer system

>   The value obtained by dividing the number of MLAs of that state by the number of members to be elected from that state is considered as the 'Quota'.

> Example:  If the number of members to be elected in AP is '6', the quota value is '49'.

>   Karanam (Because) Total MLAs 294.

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**Loksabha (Lok Sabha)**

> Article 81 describes the structure of the Lok Sabha
> 83rd article- Lok sabha term is 5 years.

    * The president can dismiss before the completion of term
    * During National Emergency the term can be extended by 1 year.
    * Elections must be conducted within 6 months of the end of emergency.

> \*Loksabha Sabhyula Sankhya (Number of members of Lok Sabha):\*

    Modati Loksabha (First Lok Sabha) (1952) - 489+2
    Prastuta (Present) - 543+2

> Current number was fixed by 31st amendment, 1973.
>   The current number was determined based on the 1971 census.
>   Article 82 - After every ten-year census in the country, the government forms the De-Limitation Committee.
>   Based on the recommendations of this committee, Parliament determines the number of constituencies.
>   By the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976, it was decided that no changes should be made in the number of seats in Parliament and Legislative Assemblies until 2001.
>   2001 Amendment 84: No change in number of MP, MLAs until 2026.
>   After 2026, changes in the number should be made only based on the 2031 census.
>   Recently, based on the recommendations of the De-limitation Committee headed by Justice Kuldeep Singh, the constituencies of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies were reorganized.
>   87th Constitutional Amendment (2003) - Reorganized the constituencies based on the 2001 census.
>   Constituencies were reorganized geographically and in terms of reservations, but there was no change in the number.
>   The reorganization of constituencies is called "Gerrymandering".

> Till date 4 delimitation committes have been formed.

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> 31st Amendment - Decided that the highest count of Loksabha members is 550+2

 - 530 members will be elected from states.
 - From the Union Territories, 20 members should be elected; however, currently only 13 members are being elected.
    \*[Delhi-7, Other 6 regions - 6 members]\*

> After the reorganization of constituencies, the largest constituencies in the country by area are: 1. Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir), 2. Barmer (Rajasthan)

> Smallest constituencies: Dakshina Mumbai (South Mumbai), Vayuvya Mumbai (Northwest Mumbai)
> Largest constituencies by voters: 1. Unnao (Uttar Pradesh), 2. Malkajgiri (Andhra Pradesh)
> Smallest constituencies: Lakshadweep and Daman and Diu
> \*Bharata Desamlo Ekkuva Sankhyalo Niyojaka Vargalanu Kaligivunna Rashtralu (States with the highest number of constituencies in India):\*

1.  Uttar Pradesh - 80
2.  Maharashtra - 48
3.  Andhra Pradesh - 42
4.  Paschima (West) Bengal - 42
5.  Tamil Nadu - 39
6.  Bihar-36
7.  Madhya Pradesh - 29
8.  Karnataka - 28

> \*Ati Takkuva Niyojaka Vargalu (A Sankhyalo) (Lowest number of constituencies):\*
> Sikkim, Mizoram, and Nagaland: One each
> Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Goa: Two each

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>   Due to the recent reorganization of constituencies, the number of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha has increased by 3.  [Reservations]

    *   For SCs, previously 79 seats, now 84.
    *   For STs, previously 41 seats, now 47.

>   The members of the Lok Sabha take the oath according to Article 99, in the presence of the President or an official appointed by him.

>   'Quorum' members required to conduct Lok Sabha meetings: 1/10th.

>   The Parliament has the power to determine the 'Quorum' number for the Indian Parliament (Article 100).
>   To be recognized as the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the number of members a party needs to have is 1/10th.

>   \*Loksabhalo Gurtimpu Pondina Mottamodati Pratipaksha Neta (First Recognized Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha):\*

    - Y.B. Chavan [Congress]: 6th Lok Sabha [1977]

>   The recognized Leader of the Opposition was given the status of a Cabinet Minister.

>   Leader of the main opposition party in the 14th Lok Sabha: L.K. Advani

>   15th "" "" "" and leader: Pranab Kumar Mukherjee

>   15 "    "   "   "     ""    ""    Nayikuralu (Female Leader): Sushma Swaraj

>   14th & 15th Lok Sabha's house leader: Pranab Kumar Mukharjee.
>\*Bharata Pourulai Undali (Must be a citizen of India).\*

>\*Parlamentuku Poticheyutaku Kanisa Arhatalu (Minimum Qualifications to Contest for Parliament):\*
>   Should not be employed in a position of profit under the Central or State governments.
>   To contest for the Lok Sabha, one must be 25 years old, and for the Rajya Sabha, 30 years old.
>   General candidates must deposit 25,000/-; SC/ST candidates must deposit 12,500/-.

>Should have not been prisoned more than 2 years

>   Should not be a director in a company with 25% government investment.
>   Should not have been convicted under the SC/ST Atrocities Act, 1989.
>   Should not have been convicted under the Civil Rights Act, 1976.
>   Should not have been disqualified by the Election Commission for not submitting the audit report of election expenses.
>   Should not have been disqualified by the Election Commission for violating the Representation of the People Act.

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> should not be a person disqualified.
> According to 99th amendment, an affidavit containing their personal details is to be submitted.
> As per section 3rd schedule, before returning officer the oath has to be taken
>   \*Jitabatyaalu (Salaries):\*
>   Article 106 - The salaries of the members of Parliament are determined by Parliament itself.
>   These are not subject to IT and cannot be voted on in Parliament.
>   Current monthly salary of MPs - 16,000/-.
>   With other allowances, they receive 68,500/- per month.
>   Monthly pension received after retirement - 6,000/-
>   In 2006, the Indian Parliament amended the MPs' Salaries and Allowances Act, 1954, and according to that, anyone who has worked as an MP is eligible for pension.

>\*MP lanu Anarhuluga Prakatinche Sandarbhalu (Situations in which MPs are declared ineligible):\*
>   A person cannot be a member of both Houses at the same time. Article 101.
>   A person elected to both Houses must inform the Speaker within 10 days which House membership they want to retain. Otherwise, they will retain the membership they held *earlier* and lose the membership they were subsequently elected to.
>   If a person is elected to a House from two constituencies at the same time, they must inform within 10 days which constituency's membership they wish to retain. Otherwise, the Speaker will decide at his discretion.
>If parliament members get elected to state assemblies, within 14 days they have to declare, else they will loose membership from assembly.

>If MPs get elected to any other position, within 10 days of time, MPship will be cancelled

>Article 102 - An MP will loose his membership, if he doesnt attend the session for 60 continuous days without speakers permission.

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> Dr. Subramanian Swamy lost his membership
> Members who have won from one party, if they violate Party Discipline, the speaker can dismiss the person.
> In 1993, Supreme court had made a decision that, S.C has the right of Judicial Review in the decision taken by speaker of Loksabha.
> In the Cash for query, 11 MPs where disqualified and Supreme Court justified the parliament's decision

> \*Padhavulu\*

> Article 103 - The president disqualified Jayabachhan's RS membership on the basis of Election Comission suggestions.
> Article 105- Explains about the special rights of Parliament members.
> Before 40 days of commencement of parliament session and 40 days after completion of parliament session, members cannot be arrested without speaker's permission.
> This rule doesnt apply to P.D act and Criminal cases arrest.
> The editor of Blitz magazine Mr.Karanjia and Mr. K.K Awari were called to the RS and were made to say sorry for publishing news about the Parliament.
> Article 120 - Parliamentary dealings are done in English and Hindi.

    * With the speakers permission, members can speak in their mother tongue.

> Article 122- Parliamentary dealings cannot be questioned in any court.

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**Loksabha Speaker**

> Presides over the sessions of Loksabha - Loksabha Speaker. 100
> Speaker is elected by the members of Loksabha
> Speaker post is taken from Britain
> Speakers are 4 types

(a). Pro-tem speaker:

    * After Loksabha elections, to hold the session of Newly elected Lok Sabha, pro-tem speaker will be appointed.
    * President will appoint the Senior most member in the LS as Pro-tem Speaker.
    * This is tradition taken from France
    * Pro-tem speaker will conduct the oath taking ceremony of newly elected members.
    * Pro-tem speaker will be a temporary speaker until a new speaker is elected for the house.
    * First Loksabha Pro-tem Speaker - G.V. Mavalankar
    * 15th Loksabha Pro-tem Speaker - Manikrao Gavit.

(b) Deputy Speaker

    * When Loksabha speaker cannot attend the sessions, Deputy speaker will act as a presiding officer. He is also elected by Loksabha.
    * From 1967, this post is allocated for opposition (anavayiti - convention/tradition).
    * First Loksabha Deputy Speaker - Ananthashayanam Ayyangar.
    * 15th Loksabha "" - Karia Munda [BJP-Jharkhand]

(c) Panel Speaker:

    * When Speaker, Dy. Speaker are unable to conduct the sessions. Temporary speakers are appointed and these are called Panel Speakers.
    * List of Panel speakers is announced by the Speaker.

* If Speaker, Dy.Speaker, Panel Speakers cannot attend the sessions, then the person elected by the house will preside the sessions.

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(d) Speaker

     * Presiding officer of the Lok Sabha sessions, the Speaker's role is crucial in the conduct of parliamentary affairs.
     * In Britain, a person elected as Speaker resigns from their party membership, it is a *paddati/sampradayam (tradition/convention)*.
     * In India, following this practice, the only person who resigned from his party membership after being elected as Speaker is - Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy.

>   Even if the Lok Sabha is dissolved, the Speaker's post is not dissolved.  They continue in office until the new Lok Sabha is formed and the first meeting is held.
>   First Lok Sabha Speaker - G.V. Mavalankar
>   Longest-serving Speaker - Balram Jakhar [1980-89]
>   The person who became Speaker through election and served for the shortest time - Baliram Bhagat [1976-77]
>   Current Lok Sabha Speaker - Smt. Meira Kumar
>   She is also the first woman Speaker.
>    Elected from 'Sasaram (Bihar)'.
>   The Speaker's salary is determined by Parliament.
>   Current Speaker's salary: 1,25,000/-
>   It is not subject to IT.  It is paid from the Consolidated Fund (of India).  It cannot be put to vote in Parliament.
>   The Speaker & Dy. Speaker take the oath as members of the Lok Sabha before the 'Pro-tem Speaker'.
>   There is no separate oath-taking for Speaker & Dy. Speaker.
>   The Speaker submits his resignation to the Dy. Speaker, and the Dy. Speaker submits his resignation to the Speaker.
>   A no-confidence motion can be introduced against the Speaker and Dy. Speaker.
>   The no-confidence motion notice must be given to the Speaker 14 days in advance.  At least 50 members must sign the notice.
>   Those against whom the no-confidence motion is introduced cannot preside over the House.
>   The Speaker & Dy. Speaker can vote in the first instance, i.e., as ordinary members, on the no-confidence motion against them.
>   If a no-confidence motion is introduced against the Dy. Speaker, and if the votes are tied,

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...the Speaker occupying the chair can use his Casting Vote.

> Similarly, If it is for speaker and if the votes are tied, Dy. Speaker can use his casting vote.

**Speaker Adhikaralu -Vidhulu (Speaker's Powers and Functions):**

>   Presides over and conducts the Lok Sabha meetings.
>   The Speaker's permission is mandatory to introduce any bill in the Lok Sabha.
>   Without the Speaker's permission, no members of the *ruling or opposition* can speak.
>   When chaotic situations arise in the House, the Speaker declares his ruling to restore a peaceful atmosphere.  Members must follow it.
>   Members who violate discipline and disrupt the decorum of the House can be suspended from the House.
>   Gives recognition to political parties in the Lok Sabha.

> Whether to include or remove the content in the house records lies in the decision of the speaker.

>   Can *adjourn* Lok Sabha meetings.
>   Can adjourn the Lok Sabha *sine die* (indefinitely).
>   Decides whether a bill is a money bill or not.
>   Presides over joint sittings of both Houses.
>   If votes are tied in joint session, Speaker can use his casting vote
> Officially announces Presidents resgination
>   The Speaker is described as the protector of the rights of the members of Parliament.
>   Acts as the liaison between Parliament and the President.
>   Even if the Lok Sabha is dissolved, the Speaker's post is not dissolved.
>   According to the Anti-Defection Law, the Speaker can disqualify MPs who defy the whip or change parties.
>   The Speaker presides over the conference of Speakers held in the country.

> In global parliament forum, speaker represents our country or sends representative.

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> Speaker appoints Chairman for 16 standing committes formed from 24 standing committes.
> Speaker will be chairmain to Business Advisory committe (BAC), Rules committe and General purpose committe.
> Speaker appoints Chairmans for the Joint Parliamentary Committes.

**Loksabha Prathyeka Adhikaralu(Special Powers of the Lok Sabha)**

>   Compared to the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha has special powers and importance.
>   By examining the following points, the importance of the Lok Sabha can be observed.

**I. Kendhra Prabhuthvam Vishayamlo (In the matter of the Central Government):**

>   Only those who have a majority in the Lok Sabha have the opportunity to form the government at the Center.
>   The Central Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
>   Has control over the Central Council of Ministers.
>   The Lok Sabha can remove the Central Council of Ministers through a no-confidence motion.

    -) If the official bills introduced by the government in either House are defeated, or if the private bills introduced by the opposition are passed, the government must resign.

>   In all the above matters, only the Lok Sabha has importance.  The Rajya Sabha has no connection with the majority.
>   The future of the Central government is decided by the Lok Sabha.

**II. Aarthika Billula Vishayamlo (In the matter of Money Bills):**

>   The Lok Sabha Speaker decides whether a bill is a money bill or not.
>   Money bills must be introduced first in the Lok Sabha with the President's permission.
>   The Rajya Sabha must decide on the money bills passed and sent by the Lok Sabha within 14 days. Otherwise, they are deemed to have been passed.
>   Even if the Rajya Sabha rejects or amends the money bills sent by the Lok Sabha, those bills go back to the Lok Sabha for consideration.  Whether with or without amendments, if the Lok Sabha passes the money bill for the 2