- Presided over the oath-taking of the highest number of Prime Ministers (3).
- Four Prime Ministers served during his tenure:
- Rajiv Gandhi
- V.P. Singh
- Chandrasekhar
- P.V. Narasimha Rao
- Author of the book My Presidential Years.
- Assumed office as President at the oldest age - 76 years.
- Served as Finance Minister between 1980-82.
- 2nd person to become President after serving as an ambassador.
- Served as Governor of Andhra Pradesh.
- Sent back the controversial 'Reservation Bill for Dalit Christians'.
- The Babri Masjid demolition incident occurred during his tenure.
- 3rd person to become President after serving as Chief Minister.
- First President belonging to the Dalit community. Belongs to the state of Kerala.
- President elected with the highest majority (in terms of votes).
- First President to exercise his voting right as a common citizen.
- Author of the book India Vs Pakistan.
- His Samadhi (memorial) - Uday Bhoomi.
- President with no political background.
- Scientist who became President.
- Sent the Office of Profit bill for reconsideration.
- 5th President to receive the 'Bharat Ratna' award (1997).
- His birthday, October 15th, is declared as International Students' Day by UNO.
- Proposed the PURA (Providing Urban amenities in Rural Areas) model.
- Father of Indian Missile program.
- Author of the book Wings of Fire.
- First President to travel in a Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter aircraft.
- First President to travel in a submarine.
- Key figure in the 1998 Pokhran nuclear tests.
- 3rd Muslim to serve as President.
- First woman President.
- Served as Deputy Chairperson of Rajya Sabha.
- Served as Governor of Rajasthan. Served as Minister in Maharashtra.
- First Head of State to receive an invitation from Queen Elizabeth of Britain.
- President who rejected the highest number of mercy petitions.
- Passed away on August 31, 2020.
- Served as leader of Lok Sabha for the longest time without holding the post of Prime Minister.
- Awarded Bharat Ratna in 2019.
- Publicly criticized the culture of issuing ordinances.
- President who signed the 'Nirbhaya' bill.
- Served as a member of Rajya Sabha for 5 terms.
- Second President belonging to the Dalit community.
- Current and 14th President of India.
- Assumed office on July 25, 2017.
- Born on October 1, 1945, in Paraukh village, Kanpur Dehat district, Uttar Pradesh.
- Obtained a degree in Law from Kanpur University.
- 26th Governor of Bihar - Ram Nath Kovind
- Served as an advocate in Delhi High Court / Supreme Court for 16 years - Ram Nath Kovind
- Book - Journey of India, The Republican Ethic - Volume 1 & 2 - Written by Venkaiah Naidu.
- As a lawyer, provided free legal aid to SC, ST through Free Legal Aid Society.
- Served as personal assistant to then Prime Minister Morarji Desai from 1977 to 1978.
- Joined Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1991 and served as President of BJP Dalit Morcha from 1998 to 2002.
- Contested and lost as a BJP candidate from Gautamapur and Bhoginipur Assembly constituencies in Uttar Pradesh.
- Member of Rajya Sabha for 12 years from 1994 to 2006 (from Uttar Pradesh).
- Served as Governor of Bihar from 2015 until assuming the office of President.
- Won the presidential election in July 2017 with 65.65% of votes, defeating opponent Meira Kumar.
| # | President | State (as CM) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy | Andhra Pradesh |
| 2 | Giani Zail Singh | Punjab |
| 3 | Shankar Dayal Sharma | Madhya Pradesh |
| # | President | State (as Governor) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Shankar Dayal Sharma | Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Maharashtra |
| 2 | Pratibha Patil | Rajasthan |
| 3 | Ram Nath Kovind | Bihar |
| # | President | Year |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | 1954 |
| 2 | Babu Rajendra Prasad | 1962 |
| 3 | Zakir Husain | 1963 |
| 4 | V.V. Giri | 1975 |
| 5 | Abdul Kalam | 1997 |
| 6 | Pranab Mukherjee | 2019 |
| # | President |
|---|---|
| 1 | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |
| 2 | Zakir Husain |
| 3 | V.V. Giri |
| 4 | R. Venkataraman |
| 5 | Shankar Dayal Sharma |
| 6 | K.R. Narayanan |
| # | President |
|---|---|
| 1 | Babu Rajendra Prasad |
| 2 | Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed |
| 3 | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy |
| 4 | Giani Zail Singh |
| 5 | Abdul Kalam |
| 6 | Pratibha Patil |
| 7 | Pranab Mukherjee |
| 8 | Ram Nath Kovind |
| # | President | Occasion |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | V.V. Giri | (1969 - Zakir Husain's death) |
| 2 | Mohammad Hidayatullah | (2 times) |
| 3 | B.D. Jatti | (1977 - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed's death) |
| # | President | State |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Babu Rajendra Prasad | Bihar |
| 2 | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | Tamil Nadu |
| 3 | Zakir Husain | Uttar Pradesh (Born in Hyderabad) |
| 4 | V.V. Giri | Odisha |
| 5 | Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed | Assam |
| 6 | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy | Andhra Pradesh |
| 7 | Giani Zail Singh | Punjab |
| 8 | R. Venkataraman | Tamil Nadu |
| 9 | Shankar Dayal Sharma | Madhya Pradesh |
| 10 | K.R. Narayanan | Kerala |
| 11 | A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | Tamil Nadu |
| 12 | Pratibha Patil | Maharashtra |
| 13 | Pranab Mukherjee | West Bengal |
| 14 | Ram Nath Kovind | Uttar Pradesh |
State that provided the highest number of Presidents - Tamil Nadu.
Article 63 to 71 in Part V of the Constitution deals with the office of the Vice-President.
H.V. Kamath proposed the office of Vice-President during the constitutional debates.
There shall be a Vice-President of India.
The Vice-President of India shall be the ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).
Article 89 also states the same.
In certain circumstances, the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President.
Circumstances:
- In case of death of the President.
Ex: When Zakir Husain died, then Vice-President V.V. Giri temporarily served as President.
- When the President resigns.
- When the President is removed.
- Until a new President elected in case of vacancy of president office.
- When President is unable to discharge functions due to illness, going abroad or personal reasons.
Ex: When Rajendra Prasad was ill, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan performed the duties of the President for a few days. Similarly, when Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was ill, Zakir Husain, when Sanjiva Reddy was ill and went to America, Hidayatullah, and when Giani Zail Singh was ill, Hidayatullah served as President.
When US President Eisenhower was seriously ill, the US Constitution did not allow the Vice-President to perform the duties of the President.
During the period when the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President, the Vice-President shall have all the powers and privileges of the President.
During this time, the salary and allowances of the Vice-President are determined by Parliament.
Vice-President does not have a salary in the capacity of Vice-President.
Salary receivable by the Vice-President in the capacity of Chairman of Rajya Sabha is ₹ 4,00,000.
Salary of the Vice-President may be reduced during a financial emergency.
As per Article 65 (ii), the Vice-President shall continue to discharge the functions of the President until the date the President resumes office.
Members of the Electoral College for the election of the Vice-President - Total members of both Houses of Parliament.
Elected and nominated members also have the right to vote.
Members of State Legislative Assemblies do not have the right to vote in the Vice-Presidential election.
Method of Election:
- Proportional Representation System.
- Single Transferable Vote System.
- Secret Ballot System, Indirect Election.
Current Vice-Presidential election - 15th election.
Venkaiah Naidu - 13th Vice-President.
Vice-President should not be a member of the State Legislatures or Parliament.
If a member is elected as Vice-President in this manner, their membership is cancelled from the moment of election.
Venkaiah Naidu was a member of Rajya Sabha at the time of his election as Vice-President.
(3) (AP Constables Mains - 2016)
- Rajya Sabha members
- Rajya Sabha elected members
- Parliament members
- Parliament elected members
In the election of which of the following is the Proportional Representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote system used?
(2) (AP SI - 2018)
- Lok Sabha members
- Indian Vice-President
- State Legislative Assembly members
- Lok Sabha Speaker
- Must be a citizen of India.
- Must have completed 35 years of age.
- Must possess other qualifications required to be a member of Rajya Sabha.
Note:
Not necessary to be a member of Rajya Sabha.
- Should not hold any other office of profit.
- Must pay a deposit of Rs. 15,000 (with Reserve Bank).
Note:
Deposit is forfeited if 1/6th of the valid votes polled are not secured.
- 20 members of the electoral college must propose.
- Another 20 members of the electoral college must second.
- Should not hold any other office of profit.
- Until 1961, the Vice-Presidential election was held in a joint meeting of both Houses of Parliament.
- By the 11th Constitutional Amendment (1961), it was changed to an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament.
- According to the 11th Constitutional Amendment, the election cannot be challenged in court or invalidated on the ground of vacancies in the electoral college.
Note:
In the recent 15th Vice-Presidential election, the election was held despite 5 vacancies.
- The Vice-Presidential election is conducted by - Election Commission.
- Disputes related to the Vice-Presidential election are resolved by the Supreme Court.
Note:
Even if the Supreme Court rules that the Vice-Presidential election is invalid, the decisions taken by the Vice-President during their term of office remain valid.
- Lok Sabha Secretary General and Rajya Sabha Secretary General act as Returning Officers for the Vice-Presidential elections in rotation.
Note:
For the 15th Vice-Presidential election in 2017, Rajya Sabha Secretary General S.K. Sharif acted as Returning Officer.
- 5 years from the date of oath-taking.
Note:
On August 11, 2017, Venkaiah Naidu took oath as the 13th Vice-President.
- The Vice-President may resign before the expiry of the term.
- The Vice-President shall submit the resignation to the President.
- Reasons for removal are not mentioned in the Constitution.
- A resolution for removal signed by 1/4th of the members must be introduced first in Rajya Sabha with 14 days' advance notice.
Note:
President's removal motion can be introduced in either House first.
- Rajya Sabha must pass the resolution with a simple majority.
- Thereafter, Lok Sabha must pass the resolution with a simple majority.
Note:
President's removal resolution must be passed with a special majority (2/3rd).
- When the resolution passed by Rajya Sabha goes to Lok Sabha, there is no time limit for Lok Sabha to pass the resolution.
- If Lok Sabha does not pass the resolution passed by Rajya Sabha, the resolution fails.
Note:
No provision for joint sitting of both Houses.
- When the Vice-President's removal resolution is under consideration in Rajya Sabha, the Vice-President shall not preside over Rajya Sabha.
Note:
But can participate in discussions, but cannot vote on the bill.
- When the Vice-President's removal resolution is under consideration in Lok Sabha, the Vice-President may preside over Rajya Sabha.
- A removal resolution should not be introduced against the Vice-President when the Vice-President is acting as temporary President.
- No Vice-President has been removed so far.
- Even after the expiry of the Vice-President's term, they may continue in office until the new Vice-President assumes office.
- Election of a new Vice-President must be held before the expiry of the term of the Vice-President.
- If a vacancy arises in the office of the Vice-President, the vacancy must be filled as soon as possible.
Note:
No specific time limit is mentioned in the Constitution.
- A person can be elected as Vice-President any number of times.
Note:
Radhakrishnan and Hamid Ansari were elected as Vice-President twice.
- 15th Vice-President of the country took oath on August 11, 2017, in the name of God.
- Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha - Article 89 (1).
- Vice-President does not have the right to vote on bills in Rajya Sabha - Article 100(1).
Note:
Vice-President is not a member of Rajya Sabha.
- Can exercise a casting vote (decisive vote) when there is a tie in votes for or against bills.
- Except in the case of financial bills, has equal powers with the Lok Sabha Speaker in other matters.
- Can act as temporary President for a maximum period of 6 months if a vacancy arises in the office of the President.
- Acts as Chancellor for some Central Universities.
- Chairman of the Honours Committee.
- "The office of the Vice-President of India is compared to the British Prince" - Ambedkar.
- "Although the Indian Constitution does not give as much importance to the office of the Vice-President as it gives to the office of the President, the office of the Vice-President is prestigious" - M.V. Pylee.
Note:
President and Vice-President Election Act - 1952 was enacted.
| # | Vice-President | Term Start | Term End |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | 1952 | 1957 |
| 1957 | 1962 | ||
| 2 | Zakir Husain | 1962 | 1967 |
| 3 | V.V. Giri | 1967 | 1969 |
| 4 | G.S. Pathak | 1969 | 1974 |
| 5 | B.D. Jatti | 1974 | 1979 |
| 6 | M. Hidayatullah | 1979 | 1984 |
| 7 | R. Venkataraman | 1984 | 1987 |
| 8 | Shankar Dayal Sharma | 1987 | 1992 |
| 9 | K.R. Narayanan | 1992 | 1997 |
| 10 | Krishan Kant | 1997 | 2002 |
| 11 | Bhairon Singh Shekhawat | 2002 | 2007 |
| 12 | Hamid Ansari | 2007 | 2012 |
| 2012 | 2017 | ||
| 13 | M. Venkaiah Naidu | 2017 | Present |
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