indian polity book series 30

Page 1 (Page 148 of the original document): Women Judges of the Supreme Court and Key Points

Women Judges of the Supreme Court

Number	Judge's Name	State	Tenure
1	M. Fathima Beevi	Kerala	1989-92
2	Sujata V. Manohar	Maharashtra	1994-99
3	Ruma Pal	West Bengal	2000-06
4	Gyan Sudha Misra	Bihar	2010-14
5	Ranjan Prakash Desai	Maharashtra	2011-14
6	R. Banumathi	Tamil Nadu	2014-20
7	Indu Malhotra	Karnataka	2018-21 (13 May 2021)
8	Indira Banerjee (Current)	West Bengal	2018-22

Supreme Court - Some Key Points:

• The longest-serving Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - Y.V. Chandrachud (7 years).
• The shortest-serving Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was K.N. Singh (18 days).
• The first woman judge of the Supreme Court was Fathima Beevi.
• The first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from Andhra Pradesh was Koka Subbarao.
• The first Dalit to serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was K.G. Balakrishnan.
• A.N. Ray was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Emergency.

• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when the S.R. Bommai case verdict was given - Justice Venkatachalaiah.
• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at the time of the Golaknath case - Koka Subbarao.
• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at the time of the Kesavananda Bharati case - S.M. Sikri.

• The Supreme Court bench that delivered the verdict in the historic Ayodhya Ram Mandir - Babri Masjid case.
• Other judges (4) - SA Bobde, DY Chandrachud, Ashok Bhushan, SA Abdul Nazeer.
• The 48th and current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - Sharad Arvind Bobde. (From November 18, 2019)
• In 1969, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court acted as the interim President of India. Identify him. (3) (AP Constable – 2019)
  1. Justice S M Sikri
  2. Justice K. Subbarao
  3. Justice M. Hidayatullah
  4. Justice P N Bhagwati
• The first woman Supreme Court judge to be directly appointed from the Bar Council - Indu Malhotra

Page 2 (Page 149 of the original document): State High Court

State High Court

• Part 6 of the Indian Constitution, from Articles 214 to 231, deals with the High Courts at the state level, their structure, and powers.
• According to Article 214, there shall be a High Court in every state.
• The High Court is the highest court in the state.

• According to Article 231, Parliament can establish a common High Court for two or more states by law.
• By the 7th Constitutional Amendment 1956, Parliament was empowered to establish a common High Court for two or more states, two or more states and Union Territories.
• Joint High Courts in the country at present:
  1. Maharashtra, Goa.
  2. Haryana & Punjab
  3. Assam along with Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh
• According to Article 230, Parliament can extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to a Union Territory by law or exclude it.
• There shall be a Chief Justice and other judges in the High Court.
• The President appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court.
• The President determines the number of judges of the High Court.

• The judges of the High Court can resign from their posts by addressing their resignation letter to the President.
• A judge of the High Court is removed by the President in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme Court is removed by the President.
• Qualifications to be a High Court Judge:
  • Must be a citizen of India.
  • Must have experience as an advocate in any High Court for not less than 10 years (or)
  • Must have experience as a judicial officer in central and state judicial services for at least 10 years.

Note: There is no mention of minimum age in the appointment of High Court judges.

• Initially, the retirement age of High Court judges was 60 years. However, by the 15th Constitutional Amendment (1963), their retirement age was increased to 62 years.
• A bill to increase it from 62 years to 65 years was introduced in Parliament by the 114th Constitutional Amendment.
• According to Article 219, the Governor administers the oath of office to the High Court judges.
• Parliament determines the salaries and allowances of High Court judges. These are paid from the Consolidated Fund of that state.
• Current salary of the Chief Justice of the High Court: Rs. 2,50,000
• Salary of a High Court Judge Rs. 2,25,000

Note: The pensions of High Court judges are paid from the Consolidated Fund of India.

Page 3 (Page 150 of the original document): High Courts (Continued) - Jurisdiction, Powers, and List of High Courts

• According to Article 224, if there are a large number of cases and the workload is high in the High Court, the President can appoint some additional judges.
• The tenure of these additional judges is 2 years.
• According to Article 225, certain disputes must be resolved directly in the High Court itself. Examples include election disputes of state legislators, election disputes of members of Parliament, and protection of fundamental rights.
• The High Court is the highest court of appeal in the state.
• Appeals can be made to the High Court against the judgments given by the lower courts in civil and criminal cases.
• According to Article 226, the High Court issues writs for the protection of fundamental rights.
• According to Article 215, the High Court in the state acts as a Court of Records.
• The High Court's judgments must be respected by all lower courts, persons, and institutions in the state. Those who defy the judgment will be punished under contempt of court.

High Court's Power of Judicial Review (Article 226A)

• The High Court examines the constitutionality of central and state laws, and if they are against the constitutional provisions, the High Court strikes down such laws under the power of judicial review.

• By an Act of Parliament, a High Court can be given jurisdiction over a Union Territory or jurisdiction can be removed.
• According to Article 231, Parliament can establish a common High Court for two or more states (or) two or more states and a Union Territory by law.

High Courts that are not in the State Capital

State	Capital	High Court
Assam	Dispur	Guwahati
Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Bilaspur
Gujarat	Gandhinagar	Ahmedabad
Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Ernakulam
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Jabalpur
Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Cuttack
Rajasthan	Jaipur	Jodhpur
Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Nainital
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Allahabad

• The place where the National Judicial Academy is located is Bhopal.
• Where is the National Law University located - Bangalore
• The first state to establish mobile courts (mobile courts) in India was Mewat district of Haryana.
• Gujarat was the first state to establish Lok Adalats (1982).
• Lok Adalat was first established in Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh in 1985.
• The first High Court to set up an e-court room is the Delhi High Court.
• Gujarat was the first state to start evening courts.
• India started consumer courts in 1986.
• Andhra State High Court was established in 1954.
• The main center of the Andhra State High Court established in 1954 was Guntur.
• The first Chief Justice of the Andhra State High Court was Koka Subbarao.

Page 5 (Page 152 of the original document): List of High Courts in India

High Court Name	State	Established Year	Established City	Jurisdiction
Kolkata	West Bengal	1862	Kolkata	West Bengal, Andaman Nicobar
Mumbai	Maharashtra	1862	Mumbai	Maharashtra, Daman Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Goa
Madras	Tamil Nadu	1862	Chennai	Tamil Nadu, Puducherry
Allahabad	Uttar Pradesh	1866	Allahabad	Uttar Pradesh
Karnataka	Karnataka	1884	Bangalore	Karnataka
Patna	Bihar	1916	Patna	Bihar
Guwahati	Assam	1948	Guwahati	Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh
Odisha	Odisha	1948	Cuttack	Odisha
Rajasthan	Rajasthan	1949	Jodhpur	Rajasthan
Telangana	Telangana	1956	Hyderabad	Telangana
Madhya Pradesh	Madhya Pradesh	1956	Jabalpur	Madhya Pradesh
Kerala	Kerala	1956	Ernakulam	Kerala, Lakshadweep
Jammu Kashmir	Jammu Kashmir, Ladakh	1957	Srinagar, Jammu	Jammu Kashmir, Ladakh
Gujarat	Gujarat	1960	Ahmedabad	Gujarat
Delhi	Delhi	1966	Delhi	Delhi
Punjab-Haryana	Punjab-Haryana	1966	Chandigarh	Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh
Himachal Pradesh	Himachal Pradesh	1971	Simla	Himachal Pradesh
Sikkim	Sikkim	1975	Gangtok	Sikkim
Jharkhand	Jharkhand	2000	Ranchi	Jharkhand
Chhattisgarh	Chhattisgarh	2000	Bilaspur	Chhattisgarh
Uttarakhand	Uttarakhand	2000	Nainital	Uttarakhand
Tripura	Tripura	2013	Agartala	Tripura
Meghalaya	Meghalaya	2013	Shillong	Meghalaya
Manipur	Manipur	2013	Imphal	Manipur
Andhra Pradesh	Andhra Pradesh	2019	Amaravati	Andhra Pradesh

• The benches of the Madhya Pradesh High Court are located in Gwalior and Indore.
• The circuit bench of the Kolkata High Court is located in Port Blair.
• The bench of the Rajasthan High Court is located in Jaipur.
• The benches of the Mumbai High Court are located in Nagpur, Panaji, and Aurangabad.
• The bench of the Allahabad High Court is located in Lucknow.
• The bench of the Guwahati High Court is located in Kohima, and the circuit benches are located in Aizawl and Itanagar.

Note: The current number of High Courts in India is 25.

Read the following statements regarding the High Court (High Court) of India. (3) (AP Constable-2019)

1. From January 1, 2019, the President of India established a separate High Court for the state of Andhra Pradesh.
2. With the establishment of this new High Court, the total number of High Courts in India as of March 1, 2019 is 27.

1. Both A and B are correct
2. Both A and B are incorrect
3. A is correct only
4. B is correct only