British Conquest of Mysore

 Okay, here are the notes summarizing the lecture on British expansion, covering the conquest of Bengal and the introduction to the conquest of Mysore, focusing on Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.

I. British Conquest of Bengal (బంగాళ ఆక్రమణ)

1. Key Battles:

   • Battle of Plassey (ప్లాసీ యుద్ధము) - 1757:

     • Fought between Robert Clive (British EIC) and Siraj-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Bengal).

     • Signified the beginning of British political control in Bengal.

   • Battle of Buxar (బక్సార్ యుద్ధము) - 1764:

     • Fought between Captain Hector Munro (British EIC) and a combined force (కూటమి) of:

       • Mir Qasim (deposed Nawab of Bengal)

       • Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Awadh)

       • Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor)

     • Decisive British victory, solidifying their power.

2. Treaty of Allahabad (అలహాబాద్ సంధి) - 1765:

   • Signed after the Battle of Buxar, led by Robert Clive.

   • Granted the Diwani (దివాన్ - right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the British East India Company (EIC) from Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.

3. Dual Government (ద్వంద పరిపాలన / Diarchy) in Bengal (1765-1772):

   • Introduced by Robert Clive.

   • Diwani: Revenue collection handled by the EIC.

   • Nizamat (నిజామత్): Administrative, police, and judicial functions nominally under the Nawab, but effectively controlled by the EIC through a Deputy Subedar (డిప్యూటీ సుబేదార్).

   • The Deputy Subedar was appointed by the EIC and could not be removed by the Nawab without EIC permission.

   • System led to exploitation and administrative breakdown.

   • Abolished in 1772 by Warren Hastings.

   • Nizam-ud-Daulah (నిజాం ఉద్దౌలా), son of Mir Jafar, was made Nawab with a pension.

4. Completion: British conquest of Bengal was largely complete by 1772.

II. British Conquest of Mysore (మైసూర్ ఆక్రమణ)

1. Background of Mysore:

   • Emerged from the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire (విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యం) after the Battle of Talikota (తళ్లికోట యుద్ధం) in 1565.

   • Ruled by the Hindu Wodeyar Dynasty (ఒడయార్ వంశం). Founder: Yaduraya Wodeyar (యదురాయ ఒడయార్).

   • During the reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (కృష్ణరాజ ఒడయార్ II), real power was held by ministers Nanjaraj (నంజరాజు) and Devaraj (దేవరాజు).

2. Rise of Hyder Ali (హైదర్ అలీ):

   • Started as a soldier (Faujdar - ఫౌజుదార్) in Dindigul (దిండిగల్), now in Tamil Nadu.

   • Established an modern arms factory (ఆయుధ కర్మాగారం) in Dindigul with French help.

   • Trained his army using European methods (ఐరోపా పద్ధతులు), aided by the French.

   • Rose through the ranks and eventually sidelined the Wodeyar king, becoming the de facto ruler of Mysore.

   • Received the title Fateh Hyder Bahadur (The speaker mentioned Fateh Jang Hyder, the common title is Fateh Hyder Bahadur).

3. Hyder Ali & Tipu Sultan - Key Aspects & Reforms:

   • Military: Developed and used rockets (రాకెట్లు) and missiles (క్షిపణలు) effectively in warfare, notably by Tipu at the Battle of Pollilur. Tipu is sometimes called the "Missile Man of India" (as per the speaker, attributed to Abdul Kalam).

   • Economy/Land: Developed the Silk Industry (సిల్క్ ఇండస్ట్రీ). Introduced uniformity in weights and measures (తూనికలు కొలతలు). Abolished the Jagirdari system.

   • Secularism: Repaired the Sringeri Matha (శృంగేరి మఠం) dedicated to Sharada Devi (శారదాదేవి) after its destruction by the Marathas in 1791. Included images of Hindu deities on his coins.

   • Administration: Introduced new coins (నాణేలు). Established modern industries.

   • Foreign Relations: Attracted to the ideals of the French Revolution (స్వేచ్ఛ, సమానత్వం, సౌభ్రాతృత్వం). Joined the Jacobin Club (జకోబిన్ క్లబ్). Maintained relations with Napoleon (నెపోలియన్), Turkey (టర్కీ), Afghanistan (అఫ్ఘన్), and Arabia (అరేబియా). Invited Napoleon to invade India to oust the British.

   • Titles/Names: Mysore Tiger (మైసూర్ టైగర్), Tiger of the East (British term). Tipu renamed Bidnur (బీదనూర్) as Hydernagar (హైదర్ నగర్) after issuing coins there; some historians refer to this place as Swarajya (స్వరాజ్య).

III. Anglo-Mysore Wars (ఆంగ్లో-మైసూర్ యుద్ధాలు)

• First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69):

  • Cause: British aggression and formation of an initial alliance (EIC + Nizam + Marathas) against Hyder Ali.

  • Course: Hyder Ali skillfully broke the alliance using diplomacy and military action. Fought primarily against the British, reaching the gates of Madras.

  • Governor: Macartney (at Madras).

  • Result: Hyder Ali victorious (Speaker notes 1-0).

  • Treaty: Treaty of Madras (మద్రాస్ ఒప్పందం), 1769. Included mutual restitution of conquests and a mutual defensive pact.

• Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84):

  • Causes:

    • American War of Independence (French supporting Americans against British).

    • British attack on the French port of Mahe (మాహే), which was under Hyder Ali's protection.

    • British violation of the Treaty of Madras (failed to help Hyder against Marathas).

  • Participants: Hyder Ali (later Tipu Sultan) vs. Warren Hastings (Governor-General of Bengal).

  • Key Event: Hyder Ali died of cancer (క్యాన్సర్) in 1782 at Chittoor (చిత్తూరు). Purnaiah (పూర్ణయ్య) informed Tipu. Tipu continued the war.

  • Result: Indecisive / Draw.

  • Treaty: Treaty of Mangalore (మంగళూరు సంధి), 1784. Restored status quo ante bellum (యథాపూర్వ స్థితి - conditions as before the war).

• Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92):

  • Cause: Alliance (H+E+M) reformed against Tipu Sultan.

  • Participants: Tipu Sultan vs. Lord Cornwallis (కార్న్ వాలీస్).

  • Result: Tipu Sultan severely defeated.

  • Treaty: Treaty of Seringapatam (శ్రీరంగపట్నం సంధి), 1792.

  • Terms: Tipu lost half (50%) of his kingdom (divided among EIC, Nizam, Marathas). Paid a huge war indemnity (33 million rupees / 3.3 కోట్లు). Gave two sons as hostages.

• Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799):

  • Governor-General: Lord Wellesley (వెల్లస్లీ).

  • Cause: Tipu's refusal of the Subsidiary Alliance (సైన్య సహకార ఒప్పందం - introduced 1798) and his continued foreign contacts (Napoleon, Turkey, etc.). Nizam Ali Khan of Hyderabad accepted the Subsidiary Alliance in 1798.

  • Course: Tipu fought alone against the British and their allies.

  • Result: Tipu Sultan died fighting bravely in 1799. Mysore was annexed.

  • Aftermath:

    • Wellesley restored the Wodeyar dynasty (Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, a minor) to a smaller Mysore state under the Subsidiary Alliance.

    • Mysore fully annexed by William Bentinck in 1831.

    • Restored again by Lord Ripon in 1880/81.

    • Joined India in 1947 under Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar.