Lecture Notes: Population Policies in India
1. Introduction & Recap
* Previous video discussed: Occupational Structure of Population and Demographic Dividend in India.
* Current video topic: Population Policies in India. (Noted as important information).
2. Need for Population Policy & Human Resources
* Long-term development in India requires Human Resource (HR) Development.
* HR is directly linked to population characteristics.
* Developing HR helps overcome population-related challenges.
* Population becomes a problem if HR is not developed. HR development is key.
* Population Policy: Reflects the government's stance and approach towards managing population and developing human resources. It outlines how the government intends to act on population matters.
3. Historical Context
* Pre-Independence (British Era):
* British rulers did not view population size as a major problem.
* Population issues were often seen through the lens of religious/social customs and practices.
* British generally avoided interfering in religious beliefs and social customs of Indians.
* Their primary focus was trade, resource extraction (transferring wealth to Britain), not population control.
* Post-Independence (Early Years):
* Immediate challenges after 1947: States reorganization (linguistic states demand), illegal immigration (esp. from Bangladesh), Kashmir conflict (Pakistan's actions).
* Due to these pressing issues, the government did not prioritize population control policies in the initial years (approx. until 1951).
4. Major Population Policies & Programs
* India has had primarily two main National Population Policies post-independence:
* 1976
* 2000
* A significant National Family Planning Program was launched earlier in 1952.
5. 20th Century Population Growth (Context for Policies)
* World: Population grew from 2 billion (1900) to 6 billion (2000) – 3 times increase.
* India: Population grew from ~23.8 crores (1900) to 100 crores (2000) – Roughly 4 to 5 times increase.
* The NPP 2000 document reportedly cited a near 5-fold increase for India in the 20th century.
* India's population growth rate was significantly higher than the global average during this period.
6. National Population Policy (NPP) 2000
* Context: Formulated due to concerns about rapid population growth, resource strain, pollution, and impact on living standards.
* Implementing Body: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
* Key Long-Term Goal (Crucial Point):
* Achieve Population Stabilization by the year 2045.
* Stabilization means reaching a state where the (lowered) birth rate equals the (lowered) death rate (essentially zero population growth).
* This involves reducing both birth rates and death rates significantly.
* Achievements Reviewed (Leading up to NPP 2000 - Data approx. 1951 to 1998):
* Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Decreased from 40.8 to 26.4 per 1000.
* Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Decreased from 146 to 72 per 1000 live births.
* Crude Death Rate (CDR): Decreased from 25 to 9 per 1000. (Faster fall than CBR contributed to growth).
* Life Expectancy: Increased from ~37 years to ~62 years.
* Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Decreased from 6.0 to 3.3 children per woman.
* Medium-Term Goals (Targets set for 2010 within NPP 2000):
* Improve child health (focus on 0-14 years).
* Free & Compulsory Education (Implicitly up to 14 years).
* Reduce school dropout rate (secondary level) to below 20%.
* Reduce IMR to below 30 per 1000 live births.
* Reduce Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to below 100 per 100,000 live births.
* Achieve universal immunization for children against vaccine-preventable diseases.
* Promote delayed marriage for girls (ideally after 20 years), discourage child marriage.
* Control AIDS and other communicable diseases.
* Projections: NPP 2000 estimated India would surpass China's population by 2045 (occurred much earlier).
7. National Population Policy (NPP) 1976
* Date: Announced April 16, 1976.
* Context: During the Fifth Five-Year Plan and the National Emergency (1975-77).
* Significance: India's first comprehensive National Population Policy.
* Key Changes & Focus:
* Minimum Age of Marriage Raised: Girls: 15 to 18 years; Boys: 18 to 21 years.
* Emphasis on female education.
* Promotion of family planning operations (sterilization).
* Department Renaming (in 1977): Department of Family Planning became Department of Family Welfare.
* Child Marriage Act (1976): Mentioned in relation to stricter implementation alongside the policy.
8. National Family Planning Program (1952)
* Significance: India was the first country in the world to launch an official, government-sponsored family planning program.
* Nature: A program, distinct from the later policies.
* Objectives:
* Reduce fertility rates (TFR).
* Reduce IMR and improve child survival.
* Improve maternal health.
* Control communicable diseases affecting family health.
9. Constitutional Link & Incentives
* 73rd & 74th Amendments: Gave responsibilities related to health, education, and family welfare to local self-governments (Panchayats & Municipalities).
* Incentives Mentioned (Likely linked to specific schemes over time):
* Monetary incentive (e.g., Rs 500 mentioned) for women marrying after 19 and delivering their first/second child in a government hospital. (Aimed at promoting institutional delivery & delayed marriage).
* Monetary incentive (e.g., Rs 500 mentioned) for undergoing family planning operation after having two children.
10. Recent Data (NFHS - National Family Health Survey, likely NFHS-5 2019-21)
* Total Fertility Rate (TFR):
* India: 2.0
* High: Bihar, Meghalaya, UP
* Low: Sikkim, Goa, Punjab
* Telangana: 1.8; Andhra Pradesh: 1.7
* Child Mortality Rate (CMR - Under 5):
* India: 41.9 per 1000 live births
* High: UP, Bihar, Chhattisgarh
* Low: Kerala, Goa, Sikkim
* Telangana: 29.4; Andhra Pradesh: 35.2
* Infant Mortality Rate (IMR - Under 1):
* India: 35.2 per 1000 live births
* High: UP, Bihar, Chhattisgarh
* Low: Kerala, Goa, Sikkim
* Telangana: 26.4; Andhra Pradesh: 30.3
11. Key Demographic Terminology Explained
* Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births in a given year. (Dies before 1st birthday). Formula: (Deaths < 1yr / Live Births) * 1000.
* Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Number of live births per 1000 population in a given year. Formula: (Live Births / Mid-Year Population) * 1000.
* Crude Death Rate (CDR): Number of deaths per 1000 population in a given year. Formula: (Total Deaths / Mid-Year Population) * 1000.
* Child Sex Ratio: Number of girls per 1000 boys in the 0-6 years age group. Formula: (Females 0-6yrs / Males 0-6yrs) * 1000.
* Sex Ratio: Number of females per 1000 males in the total population. Formula: (Total Females / Total Males) * 1000.
* Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): Number of maternal deaths (due to pregnancy/childbirth complications) per 100,000 (1 Lakh) live births in a given year. Formula: (Maternal Deaths / Live Births) * 100,000.
* Population Density: Number of people living per square kilometer of area. Formula: Total Population / Total Area (sq km).
* Literacy Rate: Percentage of the population aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding. Formula: (Literates 7+yrs / Population 7+yrs) * 100.
* Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years (typically 15-49). Calculated based on age-specific fertility rates.
* Neonatal Mortality Rate (NNMR): Deaths of infants within the first 28 days of life per 1000 live births. Formula: (Deaths < 28 days / Live Births) * 1000.
12. Conclusion
* The video covers crucial information, especially demographic terms and policy details.
* Emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts, particularly the NPP 2000 goals and the definitions, for exams.
* Advises careful practice and review.
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