Family

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Family

We call family a unique institution.
→ The foundation of family is "marriage." Marriage is considered universal.
→ Family > Forms due to marital relationships and blood relationships. → Adopted children.
→ Before the 19th century, instead of the word 'family', they used to say "living together, duties, and responsibilities".
→ From 19th century 2002 "Family"
Karl Marx's definition of family ×
Family is when husband, wife, children, and parents live together with duties and responsibilities, he said.

→ Book: The Ancient Society
He said that "families are formed when men and women live together, engage in sexual acts, produce offspring, and then husband, wife, and children live together."
→ Friedrich Engels * Researched the diverse systems of family and the origin of family, stating that a matriarchal system existed in Indian society.

Family is important for moral values. According to social scientists:

1. Family → 80%

2. School → 10%

3. Society → 10%
   (These are where moral values are learned).

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Family & World From

1. Derived from the Latin word Familia. Familia means family.

2. Derived from the Roman word Famulus. Famulus means household servant.

• International Family Day - May 15th

• International Year of Family 1994 (UNO)

• International Family Day 2024 Theme: Families and Climate Change: International Year of the Family +30.

• 2025 Theme: One Family, One World: Building Bridges Across Generations.

The concept of family was first mentioned by - Aristotle, Plato.

Definitions of Family

Early Definitions:

1. Robert H. Lowie: Marital relationships, sexual relations, duties, responsibilities, living together, parents, their children, and mutual relationships.

2. Ralph Linton: Marriage, duties and responsibilities of parents, and their children living together in one place.

   • According to MacIver, family is a common group.

3. George Peter Murdock: Having surveyed 250 societies, he stated that only 10-15 families can be called joint families. He referred to 2 or 3 generations living together as a joint family.

Modern Definitions:

1. Charles Winick: (Incomplete definition, but implies a definition involving sexual relations and procreation). Displaying dominance is family.

2. Kathleen Gough: Primary kin group family.

   • Stephens: Marriage agreement based on 4 factors for family:

     1. Living together

     2. Rights

     3. Responsibilities

     4. Family members - relationships

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Family Functions

1. Robert H. Lowie: Book "Social Structure"

   • Proposed 7 types of functions.

   1. Physical functions: Bearing and raising children.

   2. Social functions: Raising children in accordance with social values.

   3. Economic functions: Fulfilling basic needs, providing financial security, and having division of labor.

   4. Educational functions: Performing educational duties.

   5. Sexual functions: Having sexual relations (for family continuity).

   6. Procreative functions (Reproduction).

      • Saguinia - Banaro tribe: In some tribal communities, a person's wife, immediately after marriage, does not approach her husband until she gives birth to a child with a male relative.

   7. Cultural functions: Family acts as a center for cultural heritage.

2. MacIver: Book "Society". Proposed 2 types of family functions.

   1. Essential functions: Bearing and raising children.

      • Ensuring conformity with social norms.

      • Providing housing facilities.

   2. Non-essential functions:

      1. Religious teachings?

      2. Health

      3. Education

      4. Recreation

      5. He said these are not essential.

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MacIver: Characteristics of Family

1. Universality: He said family is eternal. Family is Universal.

2. Limited size: Family is small in size... limited family. [Compared to broader kinship or marriage networks].

3. Responsibility of family members: They strive for the development and welfare of family members as a responsibility.

4. Center for learning: Family is the primary school for every individual.

5. Social control: A way of life in accordance with society.

6. Permanence + Change: Family is permanent.

• 1. Nair Family.

1. Namboothiri Family.
   (These are from Kerala state).

Nair Family:

• "Tharawad" is the name for Nair family.

• If a Nair family divides into two parts, it is called "Thavalasi".

• The head of this family is called "Karnavan".

• The Karnavan's wife is called "Ammaayi".

• This family is "matriarchal" (property inherited from mother).

• In this family, the marriageable age for girls is 7-12 years.

• In this family, after marriage, the couple spends 3 days in a special room in seclusion, and then they are brought out and purified by bathing. After purification, the husband has no authority over the wife.

• After that, she has visiting husbands.

• After she becomes pregnant, all of them (husbands) bear the expenses together.

• The born child does not call anyone "father".

• Meaning, "patrilineal" importance is absent.

• However, if the first husband dies, she removes her Thali (marriage necklace).

• In terms of property, both women and men have equal opportunities.

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Family Structures

1. Namboothiri Family: → Patriarchal system.

• This family is called "Illom".

• Head of the family: "Yejaman" (Patriarch).

• "Mitakshara Law": The head of the family gives all his property to his elder son. The elder son cannot sell this property, nor mortgage it, nor gift it.

• The elder son can give property to his sister.

  • But he cannot give to younger son/brother.

• Property distribution should only happen after the younger brother gets married and has children.

• If there are no children, property can be acquired through "adoption".

• Both men and women have equal rights over property.

Theories of Family

1. Promiscuity theory: Plato - Proposes a state of indiscriminate sexual relations where a man has many wives and a woman has many husbands.

2. Matriarchal theory: Bachofen (Family was female-dominated).

3. Patriarchal family theory: Aristotle, Plato, Henry Maine. The head of the family is male.

4. Evolutionary family theory: Morgan (Book: The Ancient Society).

5. Monogamy family theory: Westermarck (Hindu marriage).

6. Multi-factor family theory: MacIver, Ralph Linton.

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Family Structure (Continued)

I. Marriage Types:

1. Polygyny: A man having many wives.

   • Ex: Chukchee, Kippity, Cheiga, Todas. The husband has authority (over the wives).

   • (Muria, Maria, Muria, Lakhol - custom mentioned: The wife decides where the husband should live).

2. Polyandry: A woman having many husbands.

   • Ex: Toda, Khasi, Thiyan.

II. Residence Patterns:

1. Patrilocal: The wife resides at the husband's house.

2. Matrilocal: The husband resides at the wife's house.

   • Ex: Eagle Barah, Ho.

3. Neolocal residence: Both husband and wife leave their own homes and reside in a new home.

   • Ex: Khasi tribe.

4. Bilocal residence: For some days at the husband's house and for some days at the wife's house.

5. Avunculocal residence: After marriage, the husband resides near his maternal uncle's house. Ex: Nair in Kerala.

III. Descent:

1. Patrilineal descent: Following the father's lineage.

2. Matrilineal descent: Following the mother's lineage after marriage.

3. Double descent: Following either the mother's or father's lineage as needed.

4. Bilateral descent: Ex: In Brazil (Asinoya tribe), boys grow up in their parents' house, but girls grow up in their maternal grandmother's house.

   • Researched by "Murdock".

IV. Authority:

1. Patriarchal authority: Property and authority are in the father's hands.

2. Matriarchal authority: Property and authority are in the mother's hands.

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Inheritance & Family Types

V. Inheritance:

1. Patrilineal inheritance (Father to son).

2. Matrilineal inheritance (Mother to daughters).

   • Ex: Nair, Sikh religion.

VI. Classification:

1. Nuclear family (small family).

2. Joint family.

Joint Family Pros and Cons

Advantages:

• Tolerance and patience develop.

• Respect increases.

• Financial difficulties are managed.

• If anyone has any problems/health conditions, they receive help and cooperation.

Disadvantages:

• Frequent quarrels.

• No personal freedom.

• Financial disagreements.

• Disagreements in division of labor.

Terminology about Family

1. Cohabitation!: (Living together before marriage).

2. Family of orientation: (Native place, where one is born and raised).

3. Jowth: Khasi custom "Jowth" before marriage (Freedom of sex for girls).

4. Bhraanti: After marriage, "Bhraanti" (No freedom after marriage).

5. Sayana: Head of the Khasi tribe family is Sayana.

6. Sayanian: Sayana's wife is Sayanian.

7. Tharawad: Nair Head of the family.

8. Illom: Namboothiri family is called Illom.

9. Aing: All Khasi families.

10. Kilbaddy: (Parents living away from children).

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Family Types (Continued)

1. DINK Family: (Families who do not want children).

2. G.M. (Ghost marriage): In Nao (custom), marriages are performed (marrying a deceased person's spirit).

   • Evans-Pritchard research.

   • Ex: Nuer tribe (Africa).

3. Exchange marriage: (Exchanging wives).

   • Ex: Kachin tribe in Burma.

4. Okka: Kodava tribe families are called "Okka".

5. Nokrom: Garo tribe families in Meghalaya are called Nokrom.

Characteristics of Family:

• There is a permanent relationship between husband and wife.

• Common residence.

• Inheritance.

• Economic provision and control.

• Based on marriage.

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