INDIAN POLITY

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NEW NOTES
GROUP-II
INDIAN POLITY
CLASS NOTES OF
RC REDDY IAS STUDY CIRCLE
BY
PRABHAKAR REDDY


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* Constitution - Definition 01-03
;
* History of the Indian Constitution 04-24
* Indian Independence Act - 1947 24-25
* The then government: 25 page
* Constituent Assembly - Committees 26-34
* Sources for the drafting of the Indian Constitution 34-37
* Salient Features of the Indian Constitution 37-38
* Indian Constitution - Parts 39-40
* Schedules in the Constitution 40-44
* Preamble of the Constitution - Highlights 44-51
* Constitutional Amendment Methods 51-57
* Nature of the Constitution 58-59
* First Part (Articles 1-4) 60-73
I. Reorganization of States: 62-66
II. Formation of Andhra Pradesh: 66-70
III. Union Territories: 70-74
II. Regional Councils: 71-73
* Citizenship [Articles 5-11]. 74-78
* Fundamental Rights [Articles 12-35] 78-102
I. Writs, Public Interest Litigations: 93-96
II. Supreme Court Judgments - Constitutional Amendments: 100 -102
* Fundamental Duties 103-105

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* Directive Principles 105-116
* Indian Federation - Features 117-134
1. Unitary Features in the Constitution: 120-121
II. Legislative Relations between the Center and the States: 122-125
III. Administrative relations: 125-126
IV. " Financial Relations: 126-128
V. Special Commissions Appointed on Center-State Relations : 130-134
* Central Government 135-188
I. President - Powers: 135-154
II. Presidents of India: 155-168
II. Vice President ; 168-171
IV. Central Council of Ministers : 172-173
V. Prime Minister) : 174-176
VI. Prime Ministers of India: 176 - 183
VII. Deputy Prime Minister: 184 page
* Parliament 189-228
I. Rajya Sabha : 189-193
II. Lok Sabha : 194-198
III. Lok Sabha Speaker : 199-206
IV. Legislative Procedure. : 207-208
V. Parliamentary Terminology: 209-219

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VI. Indian Parliamentarians : 220-223
VII. Parliamentary Committees: 224-228
* Supreme Court 229-240
I. Structure : 229-230
II. Appointment of Judges: 230 - 231
III. Removal of Judges: 231-233
IV. Powers : 233-240
- Appellate Jurisdiction: 234-235
- Court of Record : 235 page
- Advisory Jurisdiction : 236 page
- Control over Subordinate Courts: 236 - 237
- Judicial Review Powers: 238-240

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First Chapter
Constitution:
The originator of constitutionalism is 'Aristotle'. He is scientific
After examining 158 constitutions and governments, he
classified the governments. Aristotle in his famous book,
"Politics"
He mentioned the classification of constitutions and governments.
While Plato advocated the rule of philosopher-kings, Aristotle
advocated rule of law.
Aristotle is the person who said, "Rule of law is better than the rule of man".
* The first written constitution in the world is the American Constitution".
"The shortest constitution is American"
"The most rigid Constitution "American Constitution."
* The government describes about structure, relation between the organs in the government.
A written document that describes the objectives and aspirations of the government
is "constitution". - Herman Finer.
* The written aspect that describes the nature of the government is the Constitution.
* "The basic element that describes the way of life of the people of a country (state)
or law is the Constitution" - Aristotle.
* An example of an unwritten constitution in the world is Britain.
* (Britain's constitution is described as evolutionary.)

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* Constitutions described as revolutionary - America, Russia.
and (France)
* India's constitution can be said as an unrivaled constitution.
* Constitution taken as an example - Denmark.
Reference Books
(1) Government of India - Politics (Telugu Academy)
M.A. Political Science (1st and 2nd year)
(2) H.D. Shourie - Polity (Telugu Academy)
(3) "An Introduction to the Indian Constitution"
-D.D. Basu
(4) Government of India - Politics
Publishers: Scientific Services
Editors: Subrahmanyam
B.A.V.
(5) Kaveri Publications
Government of India :- Politics
Editor: K.R. Gangi
Writer : Bhogendra, Ravindrashastri, Vijayaraghava
(6) Indian Constitution - Padala Ramireddy
Pendyala Satyanarayana

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Presidencies were established in 1726.
oo: Calcutta, Bombay, Madras
Charter Act - 1600
The founder of the British Empire in India - Robert Clive
Founding event - Battle of Plassey (1757
((Siraj-ud-Daulah -- Mir Jafar)
In 1765, they obtained the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
1773 - Regulating Act (to regulate the affairs of the East India Company
1st Bengal Governor - Warren Hastings
1st Governor General of Bengal - William Bentinck
(Mumbai, Madras & Bengal)
The structure of the Indian judiciary - resembles Britain.
The functioning resembles America
The Collector system was introduced in 1772.

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History of the Indian Constitution);

To conduct trade affairs in India.
The British East India Company was established in the year 1600.
With the approval of Queen Elizabeth, the East India Company
was established through a Charter Act.
Charter means 'agreement'!
By 1612, the first trading center was established at Surat independently.
were set up.
By 1639, in Madras and Machilipatnam
With the establishment of centers, along with "Saint '0' in Madras
The construction of Fort George was started.
By 1667, the British had the power to mint coins in our country
was acquired.
In 1687, the first municipal body for local administration of Madras was established.
In 1726, presidencies in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta
Along with the establishment of Mayor's Courts. In these 3 places
Municipal administrative bodies were established.
Through the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British began to influence India
interfered in internal affairs.
> The foundation of the British Empire in India was laid by - the Battle of Plassey.
Plassey war victor is considered as founder of British Rule
The person named is - Robert Clive.
After the Battle of Buxar (1764), in 1765, the British were
Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa Diwani rights (tax collection powers).
Got

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> In 1772, Warren Hastings introduced the district collector system in our country.
Regulating Act, 1773; A law introduced to regulate the governance affairs of the East India Company in India.
- Based on the report given by the Parliamentary Secret Committee headed by 'Lord Burgoyne'.
This law was introduced.
, The then British Prime Minister 'Lord North' drafted this law.
The Governor of Bengal was changed to 'Governor General of Bengal'.
→ Bombay and Madras Presidencies were also brought under the purview of the Governor General of Bengal.
The first person to serve as Governor General - Warren Hastings.
To advise the Governor General, a council consisting of 4 members
Council was established.
: At Fort William in Calcutta, according to this Act, in 1774
The Supreme Court was established.
→ First Chief Justice - Sir Elijah Impey. Along with three
Three other judges were appointed.
The judgment given by the Supreme Court is not final. Meaning this port
Appeals against the judgments given can be made to the 'Privy Council' in London.
→ This Act established a centralized governance system in India.
This law brought changes by Britishers but those changes were not up to the mark.
It can be said that it failed.
> The British government (East India Company) indirectly established its dominance over our country.
This is considered as the first Indian Constitution Act.

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> After 1858 - all are called Council Acts.
→ 1818 Pre-Acts Charter Acts.
Council Acts (British Government), Charter Acts (East India Company)?
1st Law Commission -1833 Charter Act
Chairman Lord Macaulay
The Act that abolished the slave system 1833 Charter Act
(protowers cosils) · Opposed - Lord Ellenborough
B.C. Rawat divided the history of the Indian Constitution into 6 phases.
1600-1773 first phase
1773-1858 second phase...
1858-1909 third phase
1909-1935 fourth phase
1935-1947 fifth phase
1947-1950 sixth phase
1781 Act of Settlement; The British government for the first time in our country
The term 'British ruled territories' was mentioned through this Act.
Officially, the British declared their territories in our country.
The Parliament passed a law.
Pitt's India Act, 1784;
* To rectify the defects in the Regulating Act, this Act
was introduced.
* In the name of the then (British Prime Minister 'William Pitt Jr.')
-Act
boo Bord

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* This Act, to manage the affairs of the East India Company
Two systems were created.
(a) Board of Control: East India Company in India
The general administrative affairs will be handled by six members.
'Board of Control'
(b) Court of Directors:  Control on trade
Will have controls.
* Through this Act, the dual governance system was introduced in our country.
Charter Act, 1793:
→ The trade and commercial rights and administrative powers of the company
It was stated that it would be renewed once every 20 years.
Laws made during the Company's rule
can be called as.
Charter Act, 1813:
This Act extended the rights of the Company for another 20 years.
→ Abolishing the monopoly of the Company in India, free
Trade and commerce were introduced. (Trade with China, Tea
trades are exceptions).
For spreading of useful education, the government will allocate one lakh rupees
It was allocated.
→ Allowing Christian missionaries to carry out their 'propaganda' for religious propagation
→ Private individuals were also given the right to buy land.
: Local self-governing bodies are given the power to levy taxes.
Opportunity
Provided.

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Charter Act, 1833;
~ The Governor General of Bengal. Changed to 'Governor General of India',
~~→ First Governor General of India - William Bentinck.
→ For the first time, the 'Law Commission' was established. First
'Law Commission' Chairman - Lord Macaulay!
To give legislative advice to the Governor General a
Council was formed. Macaulay was also a member of it.
> For the first time in India, the slave system was abolished. But.
Due to Lord Ellenborough's opposition, its implementation was stopped,
+ Indians were allowed to participate in Civil Service examinations. But
Due to opposition, it was not implemented,
Best Court of Directors
→ Company of India
The rights were extended for another 20 years.
skog 18533

Magna Carta Proclamation - 1215
↓
John Edward -I (British King) (British "Cabinet (Council of Ministers)
'
"People about issues
Questioning the King's right"
Opposed- Lord Molka
Benevolent
("Wise Despotism"
Act made by the British Queen
1858
↓
Secretary of State for India (London)
↓
3
↓
State Governor
1358
Good Governance in India" w0-1858

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Charter Act, 1853; Last charter introduced during East India Company.
Last Charter Act.
The issue of extending the company's rights
→ This Act
→
was not mentioned.
The Governor General was given wide powers.
Legislative Council and Executive Councils were established.
Executive Council and legislative councils
Through this, the foundation for parliamentary government was laid in our country.
→ Civils Service Without any racial discrimination in examinations, Indians
was allowed.
2. Public 1050:
188
185706 occurred Government Act - 1858
After the Sepoy Mutiny, the British
was introduced.
→ Through this Act, Company rule in our country was abolished.
India became a part of the British Empire.
→ For the administration of our country, which is under the sovereignty of the British Queen,
The British Parliament will make the necessary laws.
→ The post of 'Secretary of State for India' was created in London.
→ The Secretary of State for India, as a part of the British Cabinet, will be responsible for the administration of our country.
The Secretary of State is responsible to the British Parliament.
A council of 15 members was formed to advise the Secretary.
→First Secretary - Charles Wood.
The Governor General of India was changed to 'Viceroy'.
→ The first Viceroy of our country - Lord Canning
→ The only person who worked both during the Company's rule and the British government's rule.
Highest-ranking only officer – Lord Canning.

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→ Centralized governance in a hierarchical manner in the Indian administrative system.
introducing
to
2. " Good Governance in India"
Victoria Queen called this Act as Magna Carta for the freedom and liberties of Indian people
Described as.
T.B. Macaulay called this Act as "establishing wise despotism".
described.
"Portfolio System - Giving different departments to ministers"

* 1859 e6 "civil Procedure Code (CPC)"
"
* 1860 "Indian Penal Code (IPC)".
*1861er. Criminal Procedure Code (CT. Pc)".
*Common civil code -1.
* 'Civil Services in India' was introduced by - Cornwallis.
* The Magna Carta for the English education system in India -
Wood's Despatch.
* The one who guided the English system in the country
Person - Lord Macaulay.
()
!
0
C
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Council Act, 1861:
:
• The portfolio system introduced in our country during Lord Canning's time in 1859
was given legal status.
→ Portfolio - Allocation of departments to the members of the Council of Ministers in the government
It is called the "Portfolio System".
→ The Governor General was given the power to issue ordinances.
~→ Ordinance means 'order' it has the same value as ordinary laws.
> Annual report relating to the income and expenditure of the government,
The budget system was introduced.
For the first time, Indians were given representation in the Central Legislative Council.
Representation was given. They are:
(a) Maharaja of Patiala
Maharaja of Benares
(2)
Sir. Dinkarrao
→ Legislative Councils were established in Bombay and Madras.
Council Act, 1892:
Through this Act, the representation of Indians in the Central Legislature was
It was increased to '6'. Those who got membership in the Legislative Assembly are:
! (1) Surendranath Banerjee
(2) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(3) Dadabhai Naoroji
(4) Pherozeshah Mehta
(5): Raj Bihari Ghosh
(6) Bilgrami
→ Apart from the budget in the Central Legislature, other administrative matters
Opportunity to question was provided.
→ For the first time in our country, the process of selecting representatives was introduced.

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* The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885.
* R.C. Mazumdar classified the Indian national movement into 3 phases.
93 :
(i) Moderate Phase (1885-1905)
Extremist Phase(1905-1920)
(iii) Gandhian Phase (1920-1947)
* In 1905, Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal.
* Against the partition of Bengal, the Vandemataram movement, the Swadeshi movement,
started.
* In 1906, under the leadership of Dhaka Nawab Salimullah and Ali brothers
The 'Muslim League' was formed.
:
* In 1907, between the extremists and moderates in the Indian National Congress
The Surat split occurred.
1909, Minto-Morley Reforms:
The Council Act introduced in 1909 was named after the Secretary of State for India.
Lord Morley, and Governor General Lord Minto collaborated on these reforms.
Because of the design, this name came.
→ For the first time in our country, voting system on limited franchise was introduced.
was introduced.
→ The Central Legislative Council was renamed to Imperial Legislative Council.
Change was done.
→ The number of members of the Legislative Council was increased to 60.
For the first time, Indians got representation in Governor General's Executive Council.
Representation was given.
The first Indian to be appointed as a council member -
- Satyendra Prasad Sinha (S.P. Sinha)

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Separate constituencies for Muslims on religious basis in India
Reservations) were established.
"Father of Religious Constituencies in India - Minto
+ Opportunity to discuss all matters including budget in the legislature.
Opportunities to introduce resolutions were provided.
* In 1911, the following events took place during Lord Hardinge's time.
(a) The capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
(b) The partition of Bengal was annulled.
(c) In 1911, at the Indian National Congress meeting held in Calcutta,
The song 'Jana Gana Mana' was sung for the first time.
* In 1913, Lala Hardayal started the Ghadar Party in London..
* In 1916, Mrs. Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
launched the 'Home Rule' movement.
* In 1919, as a protest against the Rowlatt Act introduced by the British
Protests were expressed.
* The main person responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919
General Dyer.
* Indians in the First World War (because they cooperated with the British
After the war, 'Dominion Status' with partial independence
Although it was stated that it would be given, it was not implemented.
?

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Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms Act, 1919:
Secretary of State for India, Montagu, Governor General
Chelmsford formulated this Act.
It was stated that the objective was to introduce responsible government in India.
For the first time, a bicameral system was introduced in the Central Legislature.
(a) Council of States;
* This House, consisting of 60 members, functions as the Upper House.
* Term 5 years.
* Frederick White worked as its chairman.
(b) Legislative Council;
* Total number of members 143 (excluding the Speaker).
* Term 3 years.
* Chairman Vithalbhai Patel
Vice-Chairman Sachchidananda Sinha.
• Before the completion of the term of the above mentioned Houses, they can be dissolved.
The Governor General has the power.
→ The number of members of the Legislative Assemblies in the provinces was increased.
→ Broadly speaking, government powers are theoretically divided between the Center and the State governments.
The division was done.
(a) Matters of national importance belong to the Center.
A: Foreign affairs, defense, currency, Railways ....
(b) Matters of regional importance belong to the state governments.
Ex: Agriculture, irrigation, local self-government, road transport....
→ Dual governments were introduced in the provinces. It means that the matters of government administration
were classified into two lists.
:
Reserved List - Non important powers and
Land revenue, law and order, justice etc.
with income

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(2) This list was given to ministers (officials) appointed by the Governor. (15
The powers were given. These are to the Legislature
no kind
They do not take responsibility.
12
(b) Transferred List: Matters that do not have power and importance, only
Responsibilities are included in this list.
Ex: Local self-government, health...,
(1) This list was entrusted to Indian ministers.
These have to be collectively responsible to the Legislature.
- Special reservations were provided for Sikhs in the legislative assemblies.
After 10 years, to review the implementation of this Act.
It was stated that a special commission would be set up.
→ In 1921, changes occurred
were done.
(a) Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in 1921
(b) The Railway Budget was separated from the General Budget.
(c) The budgets of the states were separated from the central budget. "
(d) The India Council was abolished.
(e) Reducing the importance of the Secretary of State for India, the Indian High Commissioner in London was appointed.
was appointed.
→ A special mechanism was established at the central and state levels for the selection of employees.
* In 1920, Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement.
* 1922 --Stopped non cooperation movement.
* In 1923, Pandit Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das together
founded the Swaraj Party.

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Simon Commission:

→ To review the implementation of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
In 1927, under the leadership of Sir John Simon,
Commission was established.
~~~→ In 1928, the Simon Commission visited India.
205
→ Protesting against the fact that this commission did not give representation to Indians
The Indian people carried out an agitation called "Simon Go Back".
In 1930, the Simon Commission submitted its report to the government in London.
Highlights
(1) A federal type of government should be established in India.
(2) The dual governance introduced by the 1919 Act should be abolished.
(3) Indians should be given participation in the administration.
(4) The representation of Indians in the legislative assemblies should be increased.
* In 1929, at Lahore, under the presidency of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Congress meeting passed the resolution of complete Swaraj.
* In 1930, Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement. This is also called.
"Salt Satyagraha", "Dandi Satyagraha".
Round Table Conferences:
To discuss the matters in the Simon Commission's report, Indian
British held three Round Table Conferences in London.
Conferences were held.
First Round Table Conference, 1930
422
*35
Round Table Conference, 1931
"
A
1932
Mahatma Gandhi attended the 2nd Round Table Conference.
On this occasion, an agreement was reached between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin, which is called
"Irwin Pact".

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* All three conferences were
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Prominent people who attended
* 1932- Ramse Mcdonald
Announced the Communal Award.
* The understanding reached between Dr. Ambedkar and Gandhi on the issue of providing reservations for the weaker sections in 1932.
Communal Award' is called as 'Poona Pact'.
-
* In 1933, a select committee established by British Parliament made the first attempt
officially presented the details in the form of a white paper.
* Based on the White Paper presented under the leadership of Lord Linlithgow
1935 Government of India Act was introduced.
Government of India Act, 1935:
The most comprehensive of the Acts introduced by the British Government for the administration of India
The largest Act passed in the 800-year history of the British Parliament.
:
→ This Act can be considered as the main source of the Indian Constitution.
> This Act has a total of 321 Articles and 10 Schedules. :
→ The Constitution makers adopted more than 70% of the elements, i.e. 247 elements from this Act.
Act.
-> It is called the "Xerox Copy" of the Indian Constitution.
→ The mother of the Indian Constitution is the 1935 Act.
-> Introducing responsible governance in India
It was mentioned as the main feature of this Act.

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Highlights:

→ Federation Formation - According to the suggestions of the Simon Commission, in our country
The British introduced a federal type of system.
* The distribution of powers between the Central and State Governments was done.
(a) Union List: Defense, Foreign Affairs, Currency, Railways, 10
59 items of national importance like post offices,
(b) State List: Agriculture, Irrigation, Education, Local
54 items of regional importance like self-government,
(C) Concurrent List: Marriage, Divorce, Inheritance etc.
By including 86 items in this list, both the central and
Powers were given to state governments.
Items not mentioned in the above three lists and new
coming items, called as Residuary Powers, on these, British.
Governor General was given powers...
-
→ Central Legislature.- Continuing the bicameral system in the center, the number of members in the houses
The number was increased.
(a) Council of States: This House has 260 members.
Of these, 1/6th of the members are represented by the princely states of our country.
were allotted. These members are chosen by the people
not elected.
(b) Legislative Assembly: The total number of members is 375.
Of these, 1/3rd of the seats were allotted to the princely states.
The members of this House are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assembly.
elected.
1.

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* Because the princely states in India refused to join the federal system
The federal system did not come into force.
(19)
* Out of the total 11 British-ruled provinces in India, in 6 states
The bicameral system was introduced.
Autonomy to the States -
14
* Introduced in the provinces of our country through the Act of 1919.
The dual government system.
Abolished by the 1935 Act.
* Reserved & Transferred Departments
Powers were given to Indian ministers on 54 items in the state list.
were given.
Dual Government at the Center -
* The dual government system abolished in the states was introduced in the center by the 1935 Act.
was introduced.
* Important powers and income-generating items
Reserved
By calling it a list, the British Governor General has
Powers
were given.
* Departments without powers, income, and importance were called Transferred
By calling it a list, Indian ministers were given power over it.
* Special constituencies were established for weaker sections, workers, women, and Europeans in the legislatures of India.
Establishment of Federal Court -
-*-Our country
Because the federal system was introduced, for the center and
the states; To resolve disputes arising between the states,
The Federal Court was established.
> Burma and Bihar were separated from India.
* This Act was implemented in 1937, and at that time
Came into being.

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→ To regulate the financial matters of India.
RBI was established.
Only 28.5% of the people of India
Voting rights were given.
The capital of India was shifted from Delhi to New Delhi.
> This Act was criticized by Muhammad Ali Jinnah as "unreasonable,
unacceptable, impractical, and totally bad".
said and criticized.
Nehru described this Act as "a vehicle with a strong braking system but no engine".
"
Gandhiji said, "This has paved the way for new slavery in our country".
Prof. K. T. Shah said, "It is an Act imposed by the British government on the Indian people.
called it "an imposed law".
This Act was implemented in 1937. For the state legislatures - 'Elections were held.
Elections were held for the central and state legislatures in 1937.
* In 1939, the state governments resigned.
* Indians in World War II without consulting
Our country stands against Germany
By announcing that it would participate on behalf of Britain, protesting
These resignations took place.

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August Proposals, 1940:
Lord Linlithgow formulated these proposals.
After World War II, India will be given partial independence with Dominion Status.
Status) with partial independence, as a return
Indians should cooperate with the British in World War II.
→ These proposals were strongly opposed by the Indians.
Cripps Proposals, 1942:
→ The proposal of the Indian people to establish a Constituent Assembly was the first
time was accepted.
Stating that all the promises made by the British in the past will be fulfilled,
Indians should cooperate with the British.
→ Protesting against the Cripps Proposals, the Indian National Congress passed a historic resolution.
The 'Quit India' resolution was passed.
> Gandhiji, during the Quit India movement, gave the slogan "Do or Die".
gave the slogan.
→ Gandhiji described the Cripps Proposals as, "a post-dated check on a crashing bank."
check" and described it as Past dated
check".
Wavell Plan, 1945:
→ Lord Wavell, who was the Governor General in 1945, formulated this plan.
→ Sovereignty of the country, defense, foreign affairs, and currency.
Giving powers to the British government on matters like
giving powers to Indians, for this purpose, in India
A war advisory council will be set up to provide representation to all sections of the
council was suggested.

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Simla Conference, 1945:
To reconcile between the Congress and the Muslim League
Bhulabhai Desai and Liaquat Ali Khan's understanding
This conference was organized to reach.
- The Muslim League walked out of the conference because it did not mention the creation of Pakistan
The Congress walked out of the conference because there was no constructive proposal for independence.
C.R. Formula, 1944:
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari o
made these proposals.
* After the country gets independence, a plebiscite should be conducted in the areas demanding the creation of Pakistan.
Based on the opinion of the people, a decision can be taken, C.R. in his
formula
mentioned.
* Muslim League, because it did not directly accept the creation of Pakistan
The Congress criticized this formula as being against the partition of the country.
Cabinet Mission, 1946:
After World War II, the Labour Party came to power in the elections held in Britain.
came to power."
:
→ Clement Attlee of the Labour Party became the Prime Minister.
In March 1946, making a statement in the British Parliament, he stated that the problem of India
To find a solution, a committee consisting of three members
will visit India.
Sir Stafford Cripps, Pethick Lawrence
A.B. consisting of Alexander


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Cabinet Mission visited India.
Main Proposals:
(23)
* The people of India need to formulate a constitution that suits them 16
A Constituent Assembly is to be established by Indians.
* Members of the Constituent Assembly are elected by the state legislatures in the British-ruled areas.
will be elected.
* The princely states were given the opportunity to send their representatives to the Constituent Assembly.
opportunity was given.
* Until the transfer of power takes place, an interim government should be formed in the country, which will provide representation to all sections.
* This mission rejected the creation of Pakistan.
Lord Mountbatten Plan, 1947:
Mountbatten was appointed as the Governor General on March 20, 1967, in place of Wavell.
The Muslim League initially did not join the interim government and started a direct action for the creation of Pakistan.
was started.
Mountbatten formulated this plan in view of the violence and bloodshed that erupted in the country due to the direct action of the Muslim League.
→India will be divided into two dominions.
→ The areas where Hindus are in majority will form India, and the Muslim majority areas
will be formed as Pakistan.
→ A referendum will be held in the disputed areas and a decision will be taken according to the majority.
→ The princely states can join either India or Pakistan according to their wish.
can be merged.
→ The Punjab Legislative Assembly resolved to merge West Punjab with Pakistan and East Punjab with India.
approved.
The Bengal Legislative Assembly resolved to merge East Bengal with Pakistan and West Bengal with India.
approved.
Sindh decided to merge with Pakistan.

==Page 28 (of the new set, = image 8 of this set)==
In the 'Sylhet' district of Assam, and in the North-West Frontier Province, a referendum was conducted.
It was decided to merge with Pakistan.
> A referendum was held in Junagadh, and it was decided to merge with India.
→ India was partitioned according to the Mountbatten Plan.
> This plan is also called the 'Dickie Bird' plan.
Indian Independence Act, 1947:
The British initially wanted to give independence to India by June 1948.
But due to the circumstances in India, they decided to give independence earlier.
~~~~ The Indian Independence Bill was introduced in the British Parliament on July 4, 1947.
It was approved by the Parliament on the 15th. The British Crown approved it on the 18th
was obtained.
India will be divided into two dominions, India and Pakistan.
→ On August 15, 1947, independence will be given to both dominions.
→ On August 15, the sovereignty that Britain had over India and Pakistan
will be terminated.
The Constituent Assemblies to be established for the two countries
will act as interim Parliaments.
→ Until their own constitutions are framed, the 1935 Act will govern the administration. )
The membership in the British Commonwealth is the sole decision of those two countries.
The British Crown will appoint the Governor Generals after consulting both the countries and according to their wishes.
will appoint.
→ To decide the boundaries between the two countries, a committee headed by 'Sir Cyril Radcliffe'
committee
will be established.
Two dominions will provide security to the employees who are working in them.
This Act is called "a peace treaty without war".
Clement Attlee, the Prime Minister, while approving this Act in the British Parliament
described it as the most noble and greatest of the laws.
* Independence period

==Page 29 (of the new set, = image 9 of this set)==
* At the time of independence, there were 562 princely states in the country, out of which 554
princely states merged with India.
* Mountbatten continued as the Governor General of India 17
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was appointed as the Governor General of Pakistan.
* Keeping in mind the independence of India, Nehru addressed the Indian nation
He said, "The Tryst with destiny"
is called "Agreement with Destiny".
Interim Government:

→ On the occasion of India getting independence, the then Governor General Mountbatten,
Under the leadership of Nehru, an interim government was sworn in.
Number
Name
Department
1. Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister & Foreign Affairs
2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Deputy Prime Minister & Union Home & Services
3. Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad Agriculture, Food
4. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Education
5. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Law
6. Sardar Baldev Singh Defense
7. Shanmukham Chettiar Finance
8. John Mathai Railways
9. Rafiq Ahmed Kidwai Civil Aviation
10. Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Industries
11. Rajendra Kumari Amrit Kaur Health (First Woman Minister)
12. Ch. Bhabha Commerce
13. N.V. Gadgil Mines
14. Babu Jagjivan Ram Labour Affairs

==Page 30 (of the new set, = image 10 of the set)==
Constituent Assembly:
The Constituent Assembly framed and adopted the Constitution of India.
The concept of 'Constituent Assembly' was first expressed by - M.N. Roy.
→ The word 'Swaraj' was first used by - Dadabhai Naoroji.
For governing after Indian Independence (Swaraj), India needs its
own Constitution. The Indian National Congress passed a resolution in 1918.
In 1921, Mahatma Gandhi wrote an article in 'Young India' saying "Independence for India
is not begging, and the Indian people are not political beggars, but the people themselves
It is only the freedom to express themselves"
- In 1924, the Round Table Conference held under the leadership of Pandit Motilal Nehru
To protect the interests of all the people of India, a majority
Establishing a constitution by forming a Constitution, and through that, formulating laws
Advocated.
- 1925 "Common wealth of India"
Introducing the Bill, like the people of Ireland, the Indian people should have permanent status o
"rights should be provided.
→ The report prepared by Motilal Nehru in 1928 is called "the first step towards the creation of an independent Constitution by Indians".
It is considered as a milestone.
In the Nehru Report, the rights of Indians, the interests of all sections,
and the administration of the government.
In 1936, Jawaharlal Nehru wrote an article in the 'Herald' newspaper saying that the Indian people
There is only one solution to the problem, that is, they have to govern themselves.
To formulate the necessary laws, freedom should be given
Explained.
In 1938, the Haripura Congress session adopted Nehru's opinion.
approved it.
In 1942, through the Cripps Proposals, the British recognized the establishment of the Constituent Assembly for the first time
acknowledged.

==Page 31 (of the new set, = image 11 of the set)==

> In 1946, the Constituent Assembly was established according to the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission.
were established.
Elections were held for the Constituent Assembly in June-July 1946.
→ In the Constituent Assembly, one member was represented for every 1 million population.
Representation was given.
← The number of members elected from the British-ruled areas was 292.
Those who represented the princely states were 98,
The representation from the Chief Commissionerate areas was four.
→ The total number of members of the Constituent Assembly before the partition of the country - 389.
The number of Congress members elected to the Assembly before partition - 208
The number of Muslim League members -73.
The number of members of the Assembly after the partition of the country is 290.
Representation for the British-ruled areas - 229.
Representation of Princely States - 70.
The number of nominated members in the Constituent Assembly is 15.
(27
18
:
: The elections to the Constituent Assembly were held on the basis of proportional representation.
← (Members of the Assembly were elected by the members of the Legislative Assemblies in the British-ruled areas;
→ Special constituencies were created for Muslims and Sikhs on a religious basis.
→ The rulers of the princely states nominated members to the Assembly.
Structure of the Constituent Assembly:
India is a land of diversity, so the Constituent Assembly. Representation was given to all sections of our country.
were given
۱۰ Indian National Congress Nehru, Patel, Rajendra Prasad,
2. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Muslims Muhammad Sayyid Sadullah, Maulana
Abul Kalam Azad

==Page 32 (of the new set, = image 12 of this set)==
3. Sikhs Sardar Baldev Singh, Hukum Singh
4. Europeans Frank Anthony
5. Parsis Dr. H. B. Modi
6. Hindu Mahasabha Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, M.R. Jayakar
7. All India Scheduled
Castes Federation TV. B.R. Ambedkar
8. All India
Women's Association Hansa Mehta
9. All India
Zamindars Association Darbhanga Maharaja
10. All India
Workers Unions Babu Jagjivanram
١١٠ Minority groups Dr. H.C. Mukherjee
~~→Though Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee contested and lost in the elections to the Constituent Assembly
The nominated person - Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.
→ Ambedkar lost his membership because of the partition of the country, as he was elected from Bengal.
He was elected from Bombay.
→ The only communist member who lost his membership in the Constituent Assembly due to the partition of the country
Somnath Lahiri.
Working (Structure):
→ According to Wavell's suggestions, the Constituent Assembly. The first meeting of
was held on December 9, 1946, in the Central Hall of Parliament.
The temporary chairman for the first meeting - Sachchidananda Sinha.
The senior most member, Sachchidananda Sinha, was proposed by ....
- J.B. Kripalani.
→Following the French tradition, the Constituent Assembly elected Sachchidananda Sinha as its chairman.
did.
- The temporary Vice-Chairman of the Constituent Assembly - Frank Antony

==Page 33 (of the new set, = image 13 of this set)==

The number of members who attended the first meeting - 211.
29
→ The Muslim League and the representatives of the princely states did not attend this meeting.
+ Advisor to the Constituent Assembly - Benegal Narsing Rao (B.N. Rao).
- He was not a member of the Constituent Assembly.
B.N. Rao was the first Indian to be elected to the International Court of Justice.
B. N. Rao prepared the draft of the Indian Constitution.
→ Permanent Chairman of the Constituent Assembly - Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad
The name was suggested by - J. B. Kripalani
→ Vice-Chairmen of the Constituent Assembly - Dr. H.C. Mukherjee
- V.T. Krishnamachari
Secretary of the Constituent Assembly H. B. Iyengar
Chief Draftsman of the Constituent Assembly N.C. Mukherjee
Committees: The number of major committees formed from the Constituent Assembly is 13
Although it is mentioned as 13, the actual number of committees is 22.
(a) Policy-making committees - 10
(b) Subject-matter committees - 12
→ The largest committee formed from the Assembly - Advisory Committee.
Chairman of the Advisory Committee - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Total number of members in the committee (54+1).
The main committee is the Drafting Committee.
Chairman - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Members of the Committee:
Members
1. Dr. Ambedkar .....
2. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
3. Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
4. K.M. Munshi
5. Muhammad Sayyid Sadullah

==Page 34 (of the new set, = image 14 of this set)==
6. B.L. Mitter (Due to his ill health, he was replaced by
The person appointed in his place - N. Madhava Rao)
7. D.B. Khaitan (Due to his death in 1948, he was replaced by
T. T. Krishnamachari was appointed): -
* The only person in the Drafting Committee who did not study law
T. T. Krishnamachari.
Other Committees: Presidents:
1. Steering Committee
2. Rules and Regulations Committee Dr. Rajendra Prasad
3. Flag Committee
4. Fundamental Rights Committee
5. Minorities Committee Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
6. States Powers Committee
7. State Constitution Committee
8. Union Constitution Committee
9. Union Powers Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
10. States Consultations Committee
11. Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee J.B. Kripalani
- 12. Minorities Sub-Committee Dr. H.c. Mukherjee
13. House Committee Pattabhi Sitaramayya
14. Legislative Affairs &
Rules and Regulations Committee G.V. Mavalankar

==Page 35 (of the new set, = image 15 of this set)==
15. Credential Committee Gopalaswamy Iyengar 31
16. North-Eastern States Rights Committee Gopinath Bordoloi
17. Supreme Court Preparatory Committee Varadachary
(He was not a member of the Constituent Assembly)
20
** Credential Committee. - Committee to collect the details of the members in the Constituent Assembly.
Committee.
0:
C
C
C
0.
The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 09-12-1946.
The first person to address the Constituent Assembly - Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha
On 11-12-1946, Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad was elected as the Chairman of the Assembly.
L = On 13-12-1946, Nehru introduced the Objectives Resolution.
3. On 22-07-1947, Dr. Hansa Mehta displayed the Indian National Flag in the Constituent Assembly.
proposed by Dr. Hansa Mehta.
→ The number of sessions held by the Constituent Assembly to adopt the Constitution is '11'
> The date on which the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution is: 26-11-1949.
→ The elements that came into force immediately after the adoption of the Constitution are:
Citizenship, elections, interim Parliament, special facilities provided to the rulers of princely states.
were given.
→ The Constituent Assembly took 165 days to discuss and adopt the draft Constitution.
days.
The time taken by the Constituent Assembly to adopt the Constitution:
2 years - 11 months - 18 days.
→ The expenditure incurred for making the Constitution: 64 lakhs.
> The last meeting of the Constituent Assembly: 24-01-1950 (12th session)
→ Decisions taken at the last meeting:
(a) Adopting "Jana Gana Mana" as the National Anthem,
(b) Adopting "Vande Mataram" as the National Song"
C
==Page 36 (of the new set, = image 16 of this set)==
(c) Electing Babu Rajendra Prasad as the President.
(Rajendra Prasad's name was suggested by: Patel and Nehru).
The number of members who signed the resolution adopting the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly.
- 284.
> On the Constitution adoption document, Rajendra Prasad, as the Chairman of the Assembly, put his
seal of approval was put.
→ The last person to address the Assembly - Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad.
The date on which the Constitution came into force: 26-01-1950.
The Constitution was adopted by the Assembly on 26-11-1949, but it was put on hold until 26 January 1950.
The reason for holding it until January 26, 1950, was the Lahore Congress Complete Swaraj.
Resolution, according to which, every year from January 26, 1930, that day was celebrated
as Independence Day. To commemorate that day, that
date was chosen).
The working method of the Constituent Assembly can be classified into 3 phases.
First Phase: From 9-12-1946 to 15-08-1947,
(In this phase, the Constituent Assembly performed only constitutional duties.)
Second Phase: From 15-08-1947 to 26-11-1949,
(In this phase, the Constituent Assembly performed both constitutional duties and the country
It also performed the functions of formulating laws necessary for governance)
Third Phase: From 26-11-1949 to 14-05-1952,
(During this period, the Constituent Assembly acted only as a legislative body.
serving as the interim Parliament of the country.)
Rajendra Prasad only when the Constituent Assembly was performing its constitutional duties
acted as the chairman,
When the Assembly was acting as the interim Parliament, G.V. as the Speaker.
Mavalankar officiated.
Ananthasayanam Ayyangar officiated as the Deputy Speaker.

==Page 37 (of the new set, = image 17 of this set)==
Mountbatten, the last British Governor General to address the Constituent Assembly.
C. Rajagopalachari was appointed as the Governor General in place of Mountbatten.
was appointed.
= Rajaji was the last and first Indian Governor General (26-01-1950, period)
> When B. N. Rao submitted the draft Constitution to the Constituent Assembly,
It had 315 articles and 13 schedules.
When the draft copy (State) was published in July 1947,
The number of articles remained the same, but the schedules were reduced to '8'.
The number of amendments proposed to the draft was 7,563.
The Constituent Assembly discussed and adopted 2,473 amendments.
When it came into force, it had 395 articles, 8 schedules, and
22
It consisted of parts.
"The Constitution of India was framed by the Constituent Assembly following a coordinated method"
Other opinions:
- Granvile Austin
"More importance was given to the adjustment method than the coordination method"
- B.R. Ambedkar, the architect of the Constitution, was called as Abhinava Manu.
was described as
- M.V. Pylee
"In the Constituent Assembly, Nehru, Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Ambedkars, and Mavalankar
acted as a controlling council" - Granville Austin
- "The Indian Constitution is a beautiful patchwork" - Granville Austin.
> "The Indian Constitution is the longest and most divine among all the constitutions in the world"
"
- Sir. Ivor Jennings.
> "The Indian Constitution is a lawyer's paradise" - Sir. Ivor Jennings.
> "The Indian Constitution is a bag of borrowings"
→ "The Constituent Assembly did not represent all sections of the Indian people.
It represented only one major section" - Winston Churchill
- Pandit Nehru
> "If the Indian Constitution fails in the future, it is not the Constitution that should be blamed
but those who implement the Constitution"" - Ambedkar