Ordinary Bills:

• In financial matters, the Lok Sabha has absolute authority.

III. Ordinary Bills:

> Ordinary bills can be introduced in either house of Parliament.

» If the Rajya Sabha takes any of the following actions on an ordinary bill passed by the Lok Sabha:
    * Rejects it
    * Proposes amendments
    * Takes no decision for 6 months

... it is considered that a difference of opinion has arisen between the two houses.

> When such disagreements occur, the President can convene a Joint Session of Parliament under Article 108.

» The fate of the bill is then decided through voting in this Joint Session.

> Because the Lok Sabha has a larger membership, its view usually prevails in a Joint Session.

> Importantly, whether a bill passes or fails in a Joint Session, the government is NOT obligated to resign.

* Joint Sessions of Indian Parliament held to date:

1.  1961:  Due to the Rajya Sabha's disagreement after the Lok Sabha passed the Dowry Prohibition Bill.

2.  1978: After the Lok Sabha passed the Banking Service Provision Act, which was rejected by the Rajya Sabha.

3.  Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA): Passed by the Lok Sabha but rejected by the Rajya Sabha.

    "In all the above cases, the Lok Sabha's opinion ultimately prevailed."

    + Key figures who voted in favor of these bills in the 3 Joint Sessions: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

IV. Revoking a National Emergency: The 44th Constitutional Amendment grants the Lok Sabha a special power to revoke a national emergency in India.

* To initiate the revocation of a national emergency, at least one-tenth of the total Lok Sabha members can submit an advance notice of 14 days to either the Lok Sabha Speaker or the President.

* After this 14-day notice period, the Lok Sabha will debate the issue. If the Lok Sabha then passes a resolution for revocation with a simple majority, the national emergency is revoked.