Features/Characteristics of Indian Planning part 5

Okay, here are the notes from the Telugu audio transcript about the Features and Objectives of Indian Five-Year Plans.

Features/Characteristics of Indian Planning (భారత ప్రణాళికల లక్షణాలు)

1. Economic Planning (ఆర్థిక ప్రణాళికలు): India implemented economic planning, with 12 Five-Year Plans completed.

2. Indicative Planning (సూచనాత్మక ప్రణాళికలు): From the 8th Five-Year Plan onwards, planning shifted towards being indicative (market-friendly, guiding rather than controlling).

3. Perspective Plans (దీర్ఘదర్శి ప్రణాళికలు): The 3rd and 7th Plans were considered Perspective Plans.

4. Annual Plans (వార్షిక ప్రణాళికలు): Implemented during plan holidays/gaps:

   • 1966-69

   • 1990-92

5. Rolling Plans (నిరంతర ప్రణాళికలు): Implemented during the period 1978-80.

6. Specific Plan Slogans/Focus Areas:

   • 4th Plan (1969-74):

     • "Garibi Hatao" (పేదరికాన్ని తొలగించండి): This slogan was given by Indira Gandhi in 1971 during the 4th Plan period.

     • Economic Self-reliance (ఆర్థిక స్వావలంబన): Prioritized in the 4th Plan. This meant achieving self-sufficiency in foreign exchange by increasing exports to cover import needs.

   • 5th Plan (1974-79):

     • Poverty Eradication Programs (పేదరిక నిర్మూలన కార్యక్రమాలు): Implemented on a war footing (యుద్ధ ప్రాతిపదికన). (Directly addressing poverty, building on the Garibi Hatao idea).

   • 3rd Plan (1961-66):

     • Self-sufficiency (స్వయం సమృద్ధి): Specifically, self-sufficiency in Food Grains (ఆహార ధాన్యాలలో స్వయం సమృద్ధి). (This concept is mentioned in contrast to the 4th plan's economic self-reliance).

   • 8th Plan (1992-97):

     • Human Resource Development (మానవ వనరుల అభివృద్ధి): Prioritized due to the economic reforms (LPG) requiring skilled labor for growing industries.

   • 9th Plan (1997-2002):

     • Development with Social Justice (సాంఘిక న్యాయంతో కూడిన అభివృద్ధి): Prioritized. The focus was on reducing social inequalities, especially after 50 years of independence.

   • 10th Plan (2002-07):

     • PURA Model (పురా మోడల్): Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas. Designed by Abdul Kalam, also called Navya Gandhi Model (నవ్య గాంధీ నమూనా). Aimed to bring urban facilities to rural areas within a 15km radius of selected municipalities (500 identified). It is now implemented as the Rurban Mission (రూర్‌బన్ - శ్యాం ప్రసాద్ ముఖర్జీ జాతీయ రూర్‌బన్ మిషన్).

   • 11th Plan (2007-12):

     • Inclusive Faster High Growth (సమ్మిళితమైన సత్వరమైన అధిక వృద్ధి): The main theme. Prioritized 'inclusive' growth for the first time. Inclusive growth means growth benefiting all sections/classes of society, not just the rich.

   • 12th Plan (2012-17):

     • Faster More Inclusive Sustainable Development (సత్వరమైన మరింత సమ్మిళితమైన కొనసాగించగల అభివృద్ధి): Built upon the 11th plan theme, adding 'Sustainable' (కొనసాగించగల అభివృద్ధి / సుస్థిరాభివృద్ధి). Prioritized sustainable development for the first time. Sustainable development means meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (using resources responsibly).

7. Poverty Eradication Approaches (Before & After 1970):

   • Before 1970 (Up to 1970): Trickle-down Effect Theory (ట్రికిల్ డౌన్ ఎఫెక్ట్ థియరీ): The belief that investing in the higher/richer sections of society would automatically lead to income and benefits "trickling down" to the poorer sections. This approach failed and led to increased wealth concentration and income inequality.

   • After 1970: Targeted Growth Approach (టార్గెట్ గ్రోత్ అప్రోచ్): This approach directly targeted the backward and weaker sections of society with specific programs to increase their income and facilitate their growth. Examples: SFDA, MFAL schemes. This was a direct response to the failure of the trickle-down theory.

Objectives/Goals of Indian Planning (భారత ప్రణాళికల లక్ష్యాలు)

These were the goals the Planning Commission aimed for when the plans were in place.

1. General Objectives:

   • Increasing National Income (జాతీయ ఆదాయాన్ని పెంచడం)

   • Reducing Poverty and Unemployment (పేదరికాన్ని మరియు నిరుద్యోగితను తగ్గించడం)

   • Improving Standard of Living and Longevity (జీవన ప్రమాణాన్ని మరియు ఆయు ప్రమాణాన్ని పెంచడం)

   • Reducing Regional and Income Inequalities (ప్రాంతీయ అసమానతలు మరియు ఆదాయ అసమానతలను తగ్గించడం)

   • Controlling Population (జనాభాను నియంత్రించడం)

   • Achieving Rapid Industrialization (శీఘ్ర పారిశ్రామికీకరణను సాధించాలి)

   • Increasing Agricultural Productivity (వ్యవసాయ రంగంలో ఉత్పాదకతలను పెంచాలి)

   • Developing Technology (సాంకేతిక పరిజ్ఞానాన్ని పెంపొందించాలి)

2. Most Important Objective (అతి ముఖ్య లక్ష్యం): The definition of this evolved over time:

   • 1955 Avadi Congress: Socialist Pattern of Society (సామ్యవాద రీతి ప్రజాస్వామ్యం). (Emphasized socialist methods within a democratic framework).

   • 1956 Amritsar Congress: Socialist Democracy (సామ్యవాద ప్రజాస్వామ్యం). (Slight change, dropping 'Pattern').

   • 1964 Bhubaneswar Congress: Democratic Socialism (ప్రజాస్వామ్య సామ్యవాదము). (Shift in emphasis, highlighting democracy first, then socialism). This reflects the growing realization that a pure socialist model (like in USSR) wasn't fully compatible with India's democratic structure and mixed economy needs.

3. Final Objective (అంతిమ లక్ష్యం):

   • Development with Social Justice / Social Justice (సాంఘిక న్యాయంతో కూడిన అభివృద్ధి / సామాజిక న్యాయం): This was considered the ultimate goal. Social Justice is achieved when all sections of society, including the backward and marginalized, experience development and have equal opportunities. To achieve this, the approach became 'Democratic Socialism' (using democratic means to achieve socialist goals like equality and welfare).