Types of Planning (Continuing from previous video) part 4

 Okay, here are the notes from the lecture segment covering different types of planning, focusing on the definitions, characteristics, and examples provided.

Lecture Segment Notes: Types of Planning (Continuing from previous video)

(0:00-0:15) Introduction:

• Welcome to the class.

• Previous video covered 5 types of planning.

• This video will discuss the next types of planning.

(0:15-3:17) 6. కేంద్రీకృత ప్రణాళిక (Centralized Planning)

• Also called: Centralized Planning (0:30).

• Definition: (2:57)

  • Planning writing and approval occurs at the national level without involvement from lower-level bodies (స్థానిక సంస్థలు) or officials (అధికారులు).

  • Done under the leadership of an autonomous official body at the national level (జాతీయ స్థాయిలో ఒక స్వయం ప్రతిపత్తి కలిగినటువంటి సంస్థ ఆధ్వర్యంలో).

  • Such plans are then implemented from the top level (national) downwards to lower levels (राज्य, जिला, मंडल, ग्राम) (పై స్థాయి నుంచి కింది స్థాయి వైపు అమలు చేసుకుంటూ వస్తుంటే).

  • This is called Centralized Planning.

• Characteristics:

  • Top-down approach (1:01-1:06).

  • Decisions for villages are taken at the national level (1:14-1:16).

  • Lower levels have no say in writing or approving plans (1:18-1:23).

  • Center acts like a landlord (పెత్తందారీ వ్యవస్థగా కేంద్రం వ్యవహరిస్తుంది) (2:41-2:44).

• Applicability:

  • Suitable for socialist economic systems (సామ్యవాద వ్యవస్థలకు) (2:21-2:23).

  • Reason: The government has responsibility for the whole country, aiming to eliminate social problems and establish social equality (2:24-2:33).

• Examples (Indian context - historical body, not pure centralized planning):

  • Planning Commission (ప్రణాళిక సంఘం) (1:39) - While operating, India leaned towards centralized characteristics, though not purely socialist.

  • NITI Aayog (నీతి ఆయోగ్) (1:37) - Mentioned as a national body where planning could happen, but the speaker later clarifies NITI Aayog promotes decentralization.

(3:18-7:20) 7. వికేంద్రీకృత ప్రణాళిక (Decentralized Planning)

• Also called: Decentralized Planning (3:30).

• Definition: (3:45)

  • Planning writing and approval occurs entirely at the lower-level bodies (దిగువ స్థాయి సంస్థల దగ్గరే జరుగుతుంది).

  • Plans are then implemented from the bottom level (village) upwards to higher levels (मंडल, జిల్లా, రాష్ట్ర, దేశ స్థాయి) (కింది స్థాయి నుంచి పై స్థాయికి అమలు చేసుకుంటూ పోతా ఉంటారు).

• Characteristics:

  • Bottom-up approach (3:50-3:57).

  • Local problems are addressed locally (గల్లీ సమస్యలు గల్లీలోనే clear చేసుకోవాలి) (4:19-4:21).

  • Lower-level decisions are implemented by the Center (గ్రామంలో తీసుకునే నిర్ణయాలని కేంద్రం implement చేస్తుంది) (6:22-6:24).

  • Funds can be transferred directly to the relevant local bodies (డైరెక్ట్ గా గ్రామ పంచాయతీకి ట్రాన్స్ఫర్ చేస్తుంది) (6:15-6:17).

  • Reduces middlemen and fund diversion (6:55-7:08).

• Applicability:

  • Suitable for mixed and market economic systems (మిశ్రమ ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థలకు, మార్కెట్ ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థలకు) (4:06-4:10).

  • Reason: National level may not be aware of specific local needs (4:11-4:15).

• Examples (Indian context):

  • NITI Aayog era (4:18-4:26, 5:41-5:45) - NITI Aayog emphasizes and promotes Decentralized Planning (as seen in Gram Sabha example - 5:48-6:18).

  • Rayalaseema Development Board (1970-71) (4:51-5:16) - An example of a decentralized characteristic even during the Planning Commission era, where a regional body planned and implemented for its area with central funds.

• Comparison with Planning Commission:

  • Planning Commission had more centralized characteristics (4:27-4:31).

  • NITI Aayog introduced a more fully decentralized system (5:41-5:45).

(7:21-22:30) Planning based on Time Period

• (7:31-8:10) Types:

  • వార్షిక ప్రణాళికలు (Annual Plans) / స్వల్పకాలిక ప్రణాళికలు (Short-term Plans)

  • మధ్యకాలిక ప్రణాళికలు (Medium-term Plans)

  • దీర్ఘకాలిక ప్రణాళికలు (Long-term Plans)

• (8:11-9:46) 8. స్వల్పకాలిక ప్రణాళికలు (Short-term Plans)

  • Also called: వార్షిక ప్రణాళికలు (Annual Plans) (8:33), పిగ్మీ ప్రణాళికలు (Pigmy Plans) (8:44).

  • Definition: Plans formulated and implemented for only one year period (ఒక సంవత్సరం కాలవ్యవధికి మాత్రమే) (8:18-8:23, 8:54-8:57).

  • Pigmy Plans Reason: Named after Pigmy people (shortest race) because these are the shortest-term plans (9:05-9:31).

• (9:47-18:48) Annual Plans in India (Historical Implementation):

  • Implemented when Five-Year Plans could not be implemented (9:49-9:51).

  • First Period (Plan Holiday):

    • After 3rd Five-Year Plan (1961-66 ends) (9:57-10:04).

    • Period: 1966-1969 (10:10-10:11).

    • Three Annual Plans were implemented (12:41-12:43).

    • Reasons for Plan Holiday (1966-69):

      • Effects of 3rd Plan (10:20-10:24).

      • 1962 Sino-Indian War (10:29-10:31).

      • 1965 Indo-Pak War (10:34-10:36).

      • 1965-66 Severe Drought (తీవ్రమైనటువంటి కరువు) (10:45-10:54).

      • Political Instability: Death of two PMs - Nehru (1964), Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966) (11:08-11:26). Three PMs changed during/immediately after the 3rd plan (11:33-11:40).

      • Economic resources depleted (11:56-11:58).

      • Difficult to start 4th Plan immediately (11:59-12:02).

      • "Plan Holiday" (ప్రణాళిక విరామము) announced by Indira Gandhi's government for 3 years (12:02-12:16). Officially 1966-69.

  • Second Period:

    • After 7th Five-Year Plan (1985-90 ends) (12:57-13:04).

    • Period: 1990-1992 (12:46-12:48).

    • Two Annual Plans were implemented (implied by 1990-92). Total 5 annual plans in India (18:27).

    • Reasons for Break (1990-92):

      • Economic Crisis (ఆర్థిక సంక్షోభం) (15:01-15:06). PSUs losses, increased government debt, budget problems, production decline, increased imports, foreign exchange shortage, inability to repay loans (13:13-14:31).

      • Political Crisis (రాజకీయ సంక్షోభం) (17:27) (implied by changes in govt, Rajiv Gandhi assassination mentioned at 16:52).

      • Gulf Crisis/War (గల్ఫ్ సంక్షోభం) (15:07-16:20). Affected oil supply (India dependent on Iraq) and worsened foreign exchange situation (16:20-16:51).

      • These crises made it impossible to implement the 8th Plan immediately (17:08-17:13).

      • An unplanned break (అనుకోకుండా ఏర్పడినటువంటి break) occurred (17:22-17:24).

• Exam Question: Which plan was introduced after facing situations like economic and political crises? Answer: 8th Plan (17:41-18:12).

• (19:24-22:30) 9. మధ్యకాలిక ప్రణాళికలు (Medium-term Plans)

  • Definition: Plans formulated/implemented for a period of 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 years (3 లేదా 4 లేదా 5 లేదా 6 లేదా 7 సంవత్సరాలకు) (19:27-19:33).

  • In India:

    • Up to the 12th Plan, India implemented Medium-term Planning (19:53-19:55, 20:21-20:24).

    • Specifically, these were implemented every 5 years (Every Five Years కి ఒకసారి) (19:59-20:02, 20:25-20:27).

    • Hence, they were called Panchavarsha Pranalikalu (Five-Year Plans) (20:18-20:19, 20:29-20:30).

    • 12 Five-Year Plans were implemented (20:36-20:37).

    • All 12 plans ran for their full 5-year term except the 5th plan (20:41-20:43, 21:58-22:04).

    • 5th Plan: (22:04-22:25)

      • Intended: 1974-79.

      • Ended early: 1978 (only 4 years).

      • Reason: Morarji Desai government preferred Rolling Plans.

    • 12th Plan: (20:46-21:11, 21:21-21:55)

      • Period: 2012-13 to 2016-17.

      • Planning Commission designed it.

      • NITI Aayog was formed on Jan 1, 2015, while the 12th Plan was ongoing.

      • The 12th Plan was not cancelled early; NITI Aayog continued its implementation until 2016-17.

      • Exam Question: 12th FYP ended in which year? Answer: 2016-17.

• (22:30-24:13) 10. దీర్ఘకాలిక ప్రణాళిక (Long-term Plans)

  • Definition: Plans formulated and implemented for a period of 10, 15, 20, 25 years or more (10 లేదా 15 లేదా 20 లేదా 25 సంవత్సరాలు ఆర్ అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ కాలానికి) (22:47-22:55, 23:33-23:36).

  • Key Difference from దీర్ఘదర్శి ప్రణాళిక (Perspective Planning):

    • Perspective Planning: Keeping a long-term period in view to prepare a plan for the present time (దీర్ఘకాలాన్ని దృష్టిలో ఉంచుకొని ప్రస్తుత కాలానికి) (23:01-23:08, 23:39-23:43). Implemented alongside 5-year plans.

    • Long-term Planning: The plan itself is for the long term (e.g., a 15-year plan) (23:44-23:54). Implemented as a long-term unit.

• In India:

  • After the 12th Plan (and NITI Aayog's formation), Long-term Planning has been introduced, replacing Five-Year Plans (24:14-24:23, 29:36-29:41).

  • NITI Aayog's Framework: (25:00-27:24)

    • 15-year Vision (e.g., Vision 2030, from 2015-2030) (25:35, 25:43-25:47).

    • 7-year Strategy (e.g., Strategy for New India @ 75, from ~2015 to 2022-23) (25:08, 25:20-25:21). (@75 marks 75 years of independence).

    • 3-year Action Plan (e.g., 2017-18 to 2019-20) (26:46-27:07).

  • NITI Aayog designs strategies/visions (వ్యూహాలను రూపొందించే బాధ్యత), but does not implement plans in the same way Planning Commission did (28:17-28:21, 29:21-29:27). Implementation is left to various government bodies (28:34-28:40).

  • Current Framework: "India @ 2047" or "Amrit Kaal @ 100" (by 2047, 100 years of independence, aiming to eliminate poverty) (27:40-28:13).

(30:40-31:31) 11. ప్రజాస్వామ్య ప్రణాళిక (Democratic Planning)

• Also called: Democracy Planning (30:48).

• Definition: Planning writing and approval happens entirely in the Parliament (మొత్తం పార్లమెంట్ లోనే జరిగి) and implemented from Parliament (30:51-30:59).

• In India: Parliament has no direct involvement in planning writing or approval historically (30:59-31:06). Parliament does not interfere (31:19-31:20).

• Conclusion for India: India's historical planning is not Democratic Planning (మనది ప్రజాస్వామ్య ప్రణాళిక కాదు) (31:21-31:23).

(31:39-34:46) 12. నిర్మాణాత్మక ప్రణాళిక (Structural Planning)

• Also called: Structural Planning (31:50).

• Definition: Planning implemented with the goal of bringing fundamental changes (మార్పుల్ని కోరుతూ) to the structure of the economy (ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థ నిర్మాణాన్ని) (31:57-32:02, 34:48-34:55).

• Economic Structure: Refers to the composition of the economy by sectors (agriculture, industry, service) and their various divisions/activities (32:03-32:26, 32:28-32:47).

• Goal: Introduce newness (నూతనత్వాన్ని), new opportunities (కొత్తదనాన్ని), like "Sunrise Opportunities" (33:05-33:07, 33:51-33:53).

• Examples: Developing new sectors like tourism, solar power, gig economy, e-commerce, which change the traditional sources of income and activity (33:09-34:01).

(34:48-35:17) 13. కార్యాత్మక ప్రణాళిక (Functional Planning)

• Also called: Functional Planning (34:45).

• Definition: Planning that does not change the existing structure (ఉన్న ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థ స్వరూపాన్ని మార్చకుండా) but continues and implements plans based on the current economic framework (ఉన్న ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థని కొనసాగిస్తూ అమలు చేసే ప్రణాళిక) (34:49-34:55).

• Characteristics: Existing sectors and divisions remain; targets are set for these existing areas (34:56-35:08).

(35:17-36:13) 14. సాధారణ ప్రణాళిక (General Planning)

• Also called: General Planning (35:33), సమగ్ర ప్రణాళిక (Comprehensive Planning) (35:59).

• Definition: Planning prepared by including all sectors (అన్ని రంగాలకు), all divisions (అన్ని విభాగాలకు), and all sections/classes of people (అన్ని వర్గాలకు కలుపుకొని) in the country (35:37-35:45).

• Goal: Sets targets for everyone in the country (దేశంలో ఉండేటటువంటి ప్రతి ఒక్కరికి లక్ష్యాలను నిర్ధారిస్తూ) (36:04-36:09).

(36:14-36:56) 15. పాక్షిక ప్రణాళిక (Partial Planning)

• Also called: Partial Planning (36:22).

• Definition: Planning implemented by targeting only specific groups, typically backward classes, backward areas, or backward sectors (కేవలం వెనుకబడిన వర్గాలకి, కేవలం వెనుకబడిన రంగాలకు మాత్రమే) (36:32-36:41).

• Characteristics: Does not apply to the entire country (దేశం మొత్తానికి implement కాదు) (36:47-36:48). Applies only to a limited section, area, or sector.

• Exam Relevance: Speaker notes these haven't been asked frequently (36:57-37:02).

(37:07-37:44) 16. శాశ్వత ప్రణాళిక (Permanent Planning)

• Also called: Permanent Planning (37:17).

• Definition: A planning system where there is no possibility to cancel or change the plan mid-term (ప్రణాళిక వ్యవస్థను మధ్యలో రద్దు చేయడానికి అవకాశం లేకపోతే) (37:20-37:24).

• In India: India does not have Permanent Planning; plans can be changed or cancelled by the government (భారత్ లో ఉన్నది శాశ్వత ప్రణాళిక కాదు) (37:36-37:40).

• Example: Russia has Permanent Planning (37:31-37:33).

(37:45-38:53) 17. అత్యవసర ప్రణాళిక (Emergency Planning)

• Also called: Emergency Planning (38:51).

• Definition: Planning implemented during emergency situations (దేశంలో ఏవైనా అత్యవసర పరిస్థితులు ఏర్పడ్డప్పుడు) when normal operating procedures are insufficient (37:56-38:04, 38:39-38:45).

• Purpose: To deal specifically with the emergency (e.g., earthquakes, floods, cyclones, tsunamis) until normal conditions return (38:05-38:38). It's a special strategy for the emergency period.

(38:54-39:53) 18. స్థిర ప్రణాళిక (Fixed Planning)

• Also called: Fixed Planning (39:04).

• Definition: A plan where the targets set at the beginning of the planning period cannot be changed mid-term (తీసుకున్న లక్ష్యాన్ని మధ్యలో మార్చడానికి వీలు లేకుండా) (39:08-39:11, 39:22-39:26).

• Characteristics: The target remains fixed until the plan period ends; new targets are set only for subsequent plans (39:14-39:20, 39:41-39:47).

• In India: Fixed Planning exists in India (భారత్ లోనే ఉంటుంది) (39:35-39:36). Even if governments change, the plan's original targets usually remain for its duration unless specifically altered.

(40:05-42:02) 19. సామ్యవాద ప్రణాళిక (Socialist Planning)

• Definition: Planning followed in Socialist countries (సామ్యవాద దేశాలలో అమలులో ఉండే ప్రణాళికలు) (40:23-40:27).

• Goal: To establish an equal society (సమ సమాజాన్ని స్థాపించడం కోసం), eliminate class differences, and solve social problems (40:32-40:36, 40:42-40:47, 41:26-41:33).

• Characteristics: All factors of production and market forces are controlled by the government; private property is generally not allowed (40:49-41:08). The government plans the economy centrally to achieve social goals.

(42:03-43:40) 20. పెట్టుబడిదారీ ప్రణాళిక (Capitalist Planning)

• Definition: Speaker states there are no formal plans in Capitalist countries (వాస్తవానికి పెట్టుబడిదారీ దేశాల్లో ఎలాంటి ప్రణాళికలు ఉండవండి) (42:17-42:21).

• Explanation: We refer to the strategies adopted by Capitalist countries for their development (ఎదిగేలా చేసుకోవడం కోసం కొన్ని వ్యూహాలు పెట్టుకుంటారు) as Capitalist Planning (42:24-42:29, 43:35-43:40).

• Characteristics (of their strategy): Factors of production and market forces are controlled by the market/private sector (ఉత్పత్తి కారకాలు మార్కెట్ శక్తులన్ని మార్కెట్ కి అప్పగించి) (43:14-43:17). The goal is to maximize income and improve living standards, relying on market mechanisms (43:19-43:25).

(44:44-45:43) 21. మిశ్రమ ఆర్థిక ప్రణాళిక (Mixed Economy Planning)

• Definition: Planning in a Mixed Economy system (44:44-44:49).

• Characteristics:

  • Government controls some power/market forces to an extent (ప్రభుత్వ శక్తులను ప్రభుత్వం కొంతవరకు నియంత్రిస్తూ, మార్కెట్ శక్తుల్ని కొంతవరకు ప్రభుత్వం నియంత్రిస్తూ) (44:53-44:56, 45:28-45:30).

  • Both public and private sectors participate in production (ఉత్పత్తి ప్రక్రియలో ప్రభుత్వ ప్రైవేట్ రంగాలు ఇద్దరు పాల్గొంటూ) (44:58-45:00, 45:31-45:34).

  • Goal: To eliminate social problems (పేదరికం నిరుద్యోగం అసమానతలు వంటి సామాజిక సమస్యలన్నిటిని రూపుమాపుతూ) and achieve economic development (ఆర్థికాభివృద్ధి సాధన కోసం) (45:01-45:08, 45:20-45:24).

(45:44-46:06) Conclusion & Exam Focus:

• Total 21 types of planning mentioned (including the 5 from the previous video).

• Focus on learning the 10 types that are repeatedly asked in exams (ఎక్కువగా అడుగుతా ఉన్నారు) (45:48-45:54).

• The remaining types are less frequently asked but provide broader understanding (45:54-46:03).

(Types from this video likely among the "important 10", based on detail):

1. Centralized Planning

2. Decentralized Planning

3. Annual Planning (Short-term/Pigmy)

4. Medium-term Planning (Five-Year Plans)

5. Long-term Planning (NITI Aayog Strategy)

(Note: The speaker didn't explicitly list the 5 from the previous video, but the combination implies these are the heavily tested ones from this segment).