Population and Human Resources part 1

 Okay, here are the notes summarizing the key points from the video transcript on Population and Human Resources for Indian Economy (Group 2 context):

Topic: Population and Human Resources (జనాభా మరియు మానవ వనరులు)

1. Introduction & Syllabus Context:

* This is the First Unit in the Indian Economy section for Group 2.

* The topic was previously in the combined APPSC syllabus, removed initially from TSPSC Group 2, but now re-added.

* Covers population characteristics at both the National (Indian Economy) and State (Telangana Economy) levels.

* Considered somewhat data-heavy; requires focusing on relevant data and key concepts.

2. Population vs. Human Resources:

* Population (జనాభా): Refers to the total number of people in a region.

* Human Resources (మానవ వనరులు): A subset of the population, specifically those who are part of the Labor Force and contribute to economic activity. Also called the Productive Population (ఉత్పాదక జనాభా).

* Demography (జనాభా శాస్త్రం): The study of population characteristics.

* Labor Force Age Group:

* Historically used: 15-59 years.

* Currently (based on NSO, international standards): 15-64 years.

* Note: The 2011 Census calculations for Human Resources still used the 15-59 bracket.

* Non-Productive Population (అనుత్పాదక జనాభా): Those below 15 years (children) and above 64 years (elderly), who are generally dependent.

3. Factors Influencing Economic Development:

* A nation's development depends on four key factors:

1. Natural Resources (సహజ వనరులు)

2. Human Resources (మానవ వనరులు)

3. Capital Formation (మూలధన కల్పన) - Highlighted as crucial (question asked in 2012 Group 2).

4. Technology (సాంకేతిక పరిజ్ఞానం)

4. Population Growth: Advantages & Disadvantages:

* Advantages (లాభాలు):

* Increases labor supply (శ్రామిక జనాభా) -> boosts production.

* Creates a larger market and demand for goods/services.

* Facilitates Division of Labor (శ్రమ విభజన) and Specialization (ప్రత్యేకికరణ), increasing efficiency.

* Can spur innovation (నూతన ఆవిష్కరణలు).

* Disadvantages (నష్టాలు):

* Can lead to Unemployment (నిరుద్యోగిత) and Poverty (పేదరికం).

* Increases pressure on natural resources and the environment.

* May lower Savings (పొదుపులు) and Capital Formation due to higher consumption needs.

* Increases the burden of the non-productive (dependent) population.

5. Key Thinkers on Population:

* T.R. Malthus (టి.ఆర్. మాల్థస్ / మాల్దవస్):

* Considered the Father of Demography (జనాభా శాస్త్ర పితామహుడు) in the video context.

* Book: "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798).

* Core Idea: Population grows geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8...) while food supply grows arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4...). Leads to imbalance.

* Pessimistic View: "Every birth brings an economic hell" (భూమిపై పుట్టే ప్రతి బిడ్డ ఆర్థిక నరకాన్ని సృష్టిస్తాడు).

* Population Control: Suggested preventive checks (late marriage, celibacy - బ్రహ్మచర్యం) and warned of positive checks (famine, disease, war, natural calamities - ప్రకృతి వైపరీత్యాలు).

* Edwin Cannan (ఎడ్విన్ కానన్):

* Optimistic View: "Every birth brings not just a mouth, but also two hands." Population contributes to production and economic development.

* Basis for Optimum Population Theory (అభిలషణీయమైన జనాభా సిద్ధాంతం).

* Malini Balasingam (మాలిని బాలసింగం):

* Balanced View: Each birth is initially auspicious for family/nation, but excessive population growth becomes unsustainable.

6. Optimum Population Theory (Edwin Cannan):

* Focuses on the relationship between Population size and Per Capita Income (తలసరి ఆదాయం).

* Underpopulation (అల్ప జనాభా): Population growth leads to an increase in per capita income.

* Optimum Population (అభిలషణీయమైన జనాభా): Population level where per capita income is maximum.

* Overpopulation (అధిక జనాభా): Population growth leads to a decrease in per capita income.

7. Demographic Transition Theory (Introduction):

* Explains population changes based on Birth Rates (జనన రేటు), Death Rates (మరణ రేటు), and Economic Development (ఆర్థికాభివృద్ధి).

* Modern theory proposed by Thompson and Notestein.

* Different models exist (3-stage, 4-stage, 5-stage).

8. Key Definitions:

* Birth Rate (BR - జనన రేటు): Number of live births per 1000 population in a year.

* Death Rate (DR - మరణ రేటు): Number of deaths per 1000 population in a year.

* Economic Development (ఆర్థికాభివృద్ధి): Economic Growth (production increase) + Public Welfare (ప్రజా సంక్షేమం).

9. Population Data Points (Mentioned in Video):

* (Based on 2011 Census):

* Highest BR State: Bihar

* Lowest BR State: Kerala

* Highest DR State: Odisha

* Lowest DR State: West Bengal / Maharashtra

* India BR Comparison: 21.8 (2011) vs. 17.23 (2019-21 NFHS approx.) - Decreasing trend.

* India DR Comparison: 7.1 (2011) vs. 7.34 (2019-21 NFHS approx.) - Slight increase noted (possibly due to COVID-19).

10. Next Steps (from video):

* The next video will discuss the stages of the Demographic Transition Theory in detail (3-stage, 4-stage, 5-stage models).