Topic: Sustainable Agriculture in India & Related Missions/Schemes
1. Introduction & Context
* Recap: Last video discussed Agriculture & Allied Sectors (వ్యవసాయ అనుబంధ రంగాలు).
* Current Focus: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA - నేషనల్ మిషన్ ఫర్ సస్టైనబుల్ అగ్రికల్చర్).
* Global Context: Increasing global demand for sustainable agriculture in the 21st century.
2. Sustainable Agriculture (సుస్థిర వ్యవసాయం) - Core Principles & Need
* Definition/Goal: Long-term agricultural viability without harming resources.
* Key Pillars in India:
* Soil Conservation (నేల సంరక్షణ).
* Water Resource Conservation & Management (నీటి వనరుల సంరక్షణ).
* Bringing maximum possible land under cultivation efficiently.
* Problems Addressed:
* Negative impacts of chemical fertilizers (రసాయనిక ఎరువులు) and pesticides (పురుగు మందులు) on soil health (భూమి దెబ్బతినడం, కలుషితం అవ్వడం) and pollution.
* Depleting water resources (నీటి వనరులు తగ్గిపోవడం).
* Meeting rising demand for agricultural produce sustainably.
3. Water Management for Sustainability
* Challenge: Increasing water demand vs. limited sources. Cannot infinitely increase water sources.
* Solution: Efficient use of existing water.
* Methods Promoted (Micro-irrigation - సూక్ష్మ సేద్యపు పద్ధతులు):
* Sprinkler Irrigation (స్ప్రింకర్లు).
* Micro Irrigation (మైక్రో ఇరిగేషన్).
* Drip Irrigation (డ్రిప్ ఇరిగేషన్).
* Goal: Ensure long-term water availability for agriculture (దీర్ఘకాలం పాటు వ్యవసాయానికి డోకా లేకుండా).
* Scheme: Per Drop More Crop
* Slogan: "Har Khet Ko Pani" (హర్ ఖేత్ కో పానీ - Water to every field).
* Aim: Maximize crop production with minimal water usage.
* Part of: Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY - ప్రధానమంత్రి కృషి సించాయీ యోజన).
* Implementation: Subsidies for micro-irrigation equipment, bringing fallow land under cultivation.
* Funding/Progress:
* ₹16,344 crore spent (likely Centre + State) until 2021-22.
* Additional ₹906 crore released up to Nov 2022 (in 2022-23 budget).
* Area Covered: 67.46 lakh hectares brought under micro-irrigation between 2015-16 and mid-2021-22.
* Further 4.21 lakh hectares added by Oct 2022.
4. Land & Irrigation Statistics (India)
* Net Cultivable Area: 139.18 million hectares.
* Net Irrigated Area: 69.48 million hectares (under assured irrigation).
* Net Rainfed Area: 69.70 million hectares (dependent on rainfall).
5. Rainfed Area Development
* Challenge: Lack of assured irrigation for a large area (69.70 Mha).
* Program: Rainfed Area Development Programme (వర్షాధార ప్రాంత అభివృద్ధి కార్యక్రమము).
* Distinction:
* Rainfed Areas (వర్షాధార ప్రాంతాలు): Agriculture depends solely on rain.
* Drought-Prone Areas (వర్షాభావ ప్రాంతాలు): Receive less than normal rainfall (mentioned as <20% deficit).
* Authority: National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA - నేషనల్ రెయిన్ ఫెడ్ ఏరియా అథారిటీ).
* Role: Identifies drought-prone districts, recommends strategies, monitors conditions.
* Focus: Studied ~150 districts, prioritized 168 (need clarification on number) districts facing severe drought. Linked to Aspirational Districts Programme.
* Goal: Improve water sources, enhance livelihoods in these areas.
* Funding: ₹64.42 Cr released to states; ₹1573 Cr released from Centre by Feb 7, 2023, for rainfed development.
6. Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) & Cropping Patterns
* Promoted especially in rainfed areas under NMSA.
* Concept: Combining different agricultural activities for sustainability and risk mitigation.
* Types/Techniques:
* Multi-cropping (బహుళ పంటలు): Growing 2+ crops simultaneously in the same field within one season/year.
* Rotational Cropping (రొటేషనల్ క్రాపింగ్): Changing crops season by season based on soil health/tests, not growing the same crop repeatedly.
* Inter-cropping (అంతర పంటలు): Growing shorter-duration crops between the rows of longer-duration main crops (e.g., groundnut between oil palm trees).
* Mixed Farming (మిశ్రమ సేద్యం/పంటలు): Cultivating different crops in different plots on the same farm and integrating livestock (పశు సంపద), poultry, etc. (Diversification).
7. Organic & Natural Farming
* Importance: Key component of sustainable agriculture. Higher priority (అధిక ప్రాధాన్యత).
* Benefits: Soil conservation, less pollution, avoids toxic chemicals, potentially better human health.
* Scheme: Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY - పరంపరాగత్ కృషి వికాస్ యోజన)
* Focus: Promoting organic farming (సేంద్రీయ వ్యవసాయం).
* Approach: Cluster-based model (groups of farmers).
* Support: Financial assistance (₹50,000 per hectare over 3 years mentioned - covers inputs, certification, marketing), subsidies for organic inputs, seeds, machinery.
* Goal: Overcome challenges of organic conversion (yield drop, lack of knowledge), reduce farmer input costs, connect to markets.
* Marketing: Jaivik Kheti (జైవిక్ ఖేతి) Web Portal – connects farmers, traders, consumers for organic produce.
* State Brands examples: Made in Mandla (MP), Organic Uttarakhand, TN Organic Products, Sahyadri/Nasik/Gadchiroli Organic (MH), Adim Brand/Bastar Naturals (CG), Five Rivers (PB), Tripureshwari Fresh (TR).
* Scheme: National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) / Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP)
* Related to PKVY, potentially a newer focus.
* Focus: Promoting traditional, low-input/zero-budget natural farming methods (indigenous practices).
* Started: 2020-21.
* Initial Coverage: 4.09 lakh hectares in 8 states.
* Training: Strong emphasis on farmer training, field schools, master trainers, 'Each one Teach one'.
* Targets: 15,000 clusters, 7.5 lakh hectares coverage, train 15 lakh farmers. Aim for one model cluster per block.
8. Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF)
* Part of: NMSA.
* Concept: Integrating trees (like Bamboo, Eucalyptus) with crops/farming systems.
* Policy: National Agroforestry Policy, 2014.
* Implementation: 2016-17 to 2021-22 (Stopped April 1, 2022). Covered 21 states (excl. J&K, Ladakh).
* Goals: Promote selected tree species, support nurseries, transport, marketing linkages.
* Funding: 60:40 (Centre:State), 90:10 (NE/Himalayan).
* Progress: 1,61,238 Ha covered, 899 nurseries, 77,418 farmers benefited.
9. Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM - వ్యవసాయ యాంత్రీకరణ)
* Need: Address labour shortages, increase efficiency, timeliness, reduce drudgery.
* Benefits: Reduced input costs, precision agriculture.
* Current Status: High mechanization in Rice/Wheat harvesting/threshing; lower in planting/other operations/other crops.
* Scheme: SMAM (part of NMSA framework initially, now likely under RKVY).
* Started: 2014-15.
* Support: Subsidies for farm machinery purchase.
* General: 40-50%.
* Higher for SC/ST, Women, Small/Marginal farmers, NE states (up to 50% or more).
* Groups (8+ farmers) / Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs): Up to 80% subsidy.
10. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) - RAFTAAR
* Nature: Overarching scheme for agriculture & allied sector development.
* Started: 2007-08.
* Focus: Holistic development, increasing profitability, infrastructure (pre & post-harvest), market linkages.
* RAFTAAR Component: Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied Sector Rejuvenation. (Focus on farmer income).
* Current Structure: RKVY - Cafeteria approach (States choose interventions). Integrates many sub-missions like SMAM, PKVY, Per Drop More Crop etc.
* Funding: Primarily 60:40 (Centre:State), 90:10 (NE/Himalayan).
11. Agricultural Marketing (వ్యవసాయ మార్కెటింగ్)
* Crucial for farmer profitability, especially for organic/sustainable produce.
* Key Initiative: Jaivik Kheti Web Portal for organic marketing.
* RKVY-RAFTAAR emphasizes market infrastructure and linkages (from harvest to consumer).
Key Takeaways:
India is actively promoting sustainable agriculture through various missions and schemes under umbrellas like NMSA and RKVY.
Key focus areas include water use efficiency (micro-irrigation), soil health (organic/natural farming), integrated farming, mechanization, and market linkages.
Specific schemes like PKVY, NMNF, SMAM, Per Drop More Crop target different aspects of sustainability.
Significant financial resources are allocated, often with specific subsidy patterns favoring vulnerable groups and regions.
Data points indicate progress in areas like micro-irrigation coverage and organic farming clusters, but challenges remain, especially in rainfed areas and full mechanization.
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