Key Takeaways & Introduction:
Importance: Telangana Geography is crucial for competitive exams. Questions have consistently appeared from every chapter in recent Group 2 & Group 3 exams.
Scope: This lecture series covers all 14 chapters of Telangana Geography.
Methodology: The lectures will provide detailed explanations, incorporating past questions from Group 1, 2, & 3, and utilizing map-based visualizations.
Chapter 1 Focus: This lecture focuses on the first and highly important chapter: Telangana's Location (ఉనికి) and Regional Setup (క్షేత్రీయ అమరిక).
Telangana State - Location & Formation:
Regional Setup (క్షేత్రీయ అమరిక): Refers to Telangana's extent/spread (విస్తరణ) within India and its geographical context.
Location within India:
Located in South India (దక్షిణ భారతదేశం).
Positioned south of the Tropic of Cancer (కర్కట రేఖ - 23 ½° N).
Physical Location:
Part of the Deccan Plateau (దక్కన్ పీఠభూమి).
The Deccan Plateau is India's oldest and largest (by area) plateau.
Telangana occupies the North-Eastern (ఈశాన్య దిశ) portion of the Deccan Plateau.
State Formation:
Formed by separating from Andhra Pradesh (AP).
Became India's 29th state.
Formation Date: June 2, 2014.
Act: Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 (ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర పునర్విభజన చట్టము - 2014).
Initially formed with 10 districts.
District Reorganisation & Current Status:
Major Reorganisation (2016):
On October 11, 2016 (Dasara), 21 new districts were created from the original 10.
This brought the total number of districts to 31 (10 old + 21 new).
Further Reorganisation (2019):
On February 17, 2019, two more districts were formed: Mulugu and Narayanpet.
Current Districts:
As of February 17, 2019, Telangana has a total of 33 districts. Governance operates based on these 33 districts.
District Border Types:
Out of 33 districts, 18 share borders with neighboring states (across 4 states).
The remaining 15 districts are internal/landlocked (అంతర్ జిల్లాలు), meaning they are surrounded only by other districts within Telangana.
Geographical Coordinates (Telangana Extent):
Latitudes (అక్షాంశాలు):
Telangana lies between 15° N and 19° N latitude.
It spans approximately 5 degrees of latitude (difference between extremes).
Located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere.
Longitudes (రేఖాంశాలు):
Telangana lies between 77° E and 81° E longitude.
Located entirely in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Extreme Districts (Based on Coordinates):
Northernmost District: Adilabad (at approx. 19° N latitude).
Southernmost District: Jogulamba Gadwal (at approx. 15° N latitude).
Westernmost District: Narayanpet (at approx. 77° E longitude).
Easternmost District: Bhadradri Kothagudem (at approx. 81° E longitude).
(Note: Questions comparing/matching these extreme points have been asked).
Examples of District Divisions (from old 10):
Adilabad (Old): Divided into 4 districts (Adilabad, Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Mancherial, Nirmal).
Nizamabad (Old): Divided into 2 districts (Nizamabad, Kamareddy).
Karimnagar (Old): Divided into 4 districts (Jagtial, Peddapalli, Karimnagar, Rajanna Sircilla).
Medak (Old): Divided into 3 districts (Sangareddy, Medak, Siddipet).
Warangal (Old): Divided into 6 districts (most divisions) (Jayashankar Bhupalpally, Mulugu, Hanamkonda, Warangal, Jangaon, Mahabubabad).
Hyderabad (Old): Remained as 1 district (Hyderabad).
Ranga Reddy (Old): Divided into 3 districts (Vikarabad, Ranga Reddy, Medchal-Malkajgiri).
Khammam (Old): Divided into 2 districts (Bhadradri Kothagudem, Khammam).
Nalgonda (Old): Divided into 3 districts (Yadadri Bhuvanagiri, Suryapet, Nalgonda).
Mahbubnagar (Old): Divided into 5 districts (Mahbubnagar, Nagarkurnool, Narayanpet, Wanaparthy, Jogulamba Gadwal).
1. Neighboring States (సరిహద్దు రాష్ట్రములు):
Telangana shares its borders with 4 neighboring states.
These states are:
Maharashtra (మహారాష్ట్ర)
Chhattisgarh (ఛత్తీస్గఢ్)
Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ - AP)
Karnataka (కర్ణాటక - KN)
2. District Borders with Neighboring States:
Telangana has a total of 33 districts.
Out of 33 districts, 18 districts share borders with the 4 neighboring states.
The remaining 15 districts are internal/landlocked (అంతర్ జిల్లాలు / భూపరివేష్టిత జిల్లాలు), meaning they only share borders with other districts within Telangana.
3. State-wise Border Sharing:
Maharashtra (MR): Shares border with 7 Telangana districts.
Direction: Borders Telangana from the North-West (వాయువ్య - N-W) and North (ఉత్తర - N).
Districts Bordering MH: Sangareddy (14), Kamareddy (16), Nizamabad (17), Nirmal (18), Adilabad (1), Komaram Bheem Asifabad (2), Mancherial (3). (Based on speaker's final count and map pointing)
Chhattisgarh (CG): Shares border with 3 Telangana districts.
Direction: Borders Telangana from the North-East (ఈశాన్య - N-E).
Districts Bordering CG: Jayashankar Bhupalpally (4), Mulugu (5), Bhadradri Kothagudem (6).
Andhra Pradesh (AP): Shares border with 7 Telangana districts.
Direction: Borders Telangana from the East (తూర్పు - E), South-East (ఆగ్నేయ - S-E), and South (దక్షిణ - S).
Districts Bordering AP: Bhadradri Kothagudem (6), Khammam (7), Suryapet (8), Nalgonda (9), Nagarkurnool (10), Wanaparthy (11), Jogulamba Gadwal (12).
Karnataka (KN): Shares border with 5 Telangana districts.
Direction: Borders Telangana from the West (పశ్చిమ - W).
Districts Bordering KN: Jogulamba Gadwal (12), Narayanpet (13), Vikarabad (15), Sangareddy (14), Kamareddy (16).
4. Districts Bordering Two States (Junction Districts):
A total of 6 districts share borders with two neighboring states:
Komaram Bheem Asifabad (2): Borders Maharashtra (MH) & Chhattisgarh (CG).
Jayashankar Bhupalpally (4): Borders Maharashtra (MH) & Chhattisgarh (CG).
Bhadradri Kothagudem (6): Borders Chhattisgarh (CG) & Andhra Pradesh (AP).
Jogulamba Gadwal (12): Borders Andhra Pradesh (AP) & Karnataka (KN).
Sangareddy (14): Borders Karnataka (KN) & Maharashtra (MH).
Kamareddy (16): Borders Karnataka (KN) & Maharashtra (MH).
(Note: These junction districts are crucial for exam questions).
5. Landlocked / Internal Districts (భూపరివేష్టిత జిల్లాలు / అంతర్ జిల్లాలు):
Total 15 districts do not share borders with any neighboring state. They are surrounded only by other Telangana districts.
These are:
Jagtial (జగిత్యాల)
Peddapalli (పెద్దపల్లి)
Karimnagar (కరీంనగర్)
Rajanna Sircilla (రాజన్న సిరిసిల్ల)
Medak (మెదక్)
Siddipet (సిద్దిపేట)
Hanamkonda (హనుమకొండ)
Warangal (వరంగల్)
Jangaon (జనగామ)
Mahabubabad (మహబూబాబాద్)
Hyderabad (హైదరాబాద్)
Medchal-Malkajgiri (మేడ్చల్-మల్కాజ్గిరి)
Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (యాదాద్రి భువనగిరి)
Ranga Reddy (రంగారెడ్డి)
Mahbubnagar (మహబూబ్నగర్)
6. Landlocked States in India:
Definition: States with no coastline and no international border.
There are 5 such states in India: Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Telangana.
7. Area (విస్తీర్ణం):
Total Area of Telangana: 1,12,077 sq km (ఒక లక్ష పన్నెండు వేల డెబ్బై ఏడు చదరపు కిలోమీటర్లు).
Rank in India (by Area): 11th largest state.
Percentage of India's Total Area: 3.41%.
8. Districts by Area:
Largest Districts (వైశాల్యంలో పెద్ద జిల్లాలు):
Bhadradri Kothagudem (భద్రాద్రి)
Nalgonda (నల్గొండ)
Nagarkurnool (నాగర్కర్నూల్)
Smallest Districts (వైశాల్యంలో చిన్న జిల్లాలు):
Hyderabad (హైదరాబాద్) - Smallest.
Medchal-Malkajgiri (మేడ్చల్)
Hanamkonda (హనుమకొండ)
9. Major Urban Centers (పట్టణ ప్రాంతాలు / జనాభా అధికంగా కలిగిన జిల్లాలు):
The lecture highlights these major urban areas (often correlating with population density):
Hyderabad
Hanamkonda (Often referred to along with Warangal city)
Karimnagar (KRMR)
10. Conclusion & Summary:
Telangana's location coordinates: 15°N to 19°N Latitude; 77°E to 81°E Longitude.
Extreme districts: North - Adilabad; South - Jogulamba Gadwal; West - Narayanpet; East - Bhadradri Kothagudem.
Situated in South India, on the North-Eastern part of the Deccan Plateau.
It's a landlocked state.
Shares borders with MH (NW, N), CG (NE), AP (E, SE, S), KN (W).
Has 33 districts: 18 border districts and 15 landlocked (internal) districts.
Area: 1,12,077 sq km (11th Rank, 3.41% of India).
1. Introduction & Definition:
This is the second chapter, following "Location & Extent."
నైసర్గిక స్వరూపములు (Naisargika Swarupamulu): Refers to the Natural Landforms or Physical Features of Telangana.
నైసర్గికం (Naisargikam): Land (భూమి - Bhumi)
స్వరూపములు (Swarupamulu): Forms/Shapes (ఆకారములు - Aakaramulu)
Essentially, it studies the major shapes/forms present on the surface of the land (భూ ఉపరితలంపై ఉన్న ఆకారములు).
2. General Classification of Landforms (India/World):
Globally, there are typically 4 major types of landforms based on elevation and structure:
Mountains (పర్వతాలు)
Hills (కొండలు)
Plateaus (పీఠభూములు)
Plains (మైదానములు)
3. Landforms Predominant in Telangana:
While India has all 4 types prominently, Telangana primarily features 3 major landform types:
Hills (కొండలు / గుట్టలు - Kondalu / Guttalu)
Plateaus (పీఠభూములు - Peetabhoomulu)
Plains (మైదానములు - Maidanamulu)
Mountains (పర్వతాలు), as defined by significantly high elevation (like Himalayas, Western/Eastern Ghats), are largely absent in Telangana.
4. Definitions based on Elevation (Relative to Mean Sea Level - MSL):
(a) Hills (కొండలు):
Average height: Less than 900 meters above MSL.
(Mountains are generally > 900m).
(b) Plateaus (పీఠభూములు):
Average height: More than 300 meters above MSL.
Characterized by layered rock structures (రాతి పొరలు - Raathi poralu).
Rich in Minerals (ఖనిజాలు - Khanijalu) like Coal, Iron, Copper, Aluminium, found within these rock layers.
The surface is often uneven with undulations (ఎత్తు పల్లాలు - Etthu pallalu).
These depressions collect rainwater, forming Tanks (చెరువులు - Cheruvulu). Plateaus are considered the "birthplace of tanks."
Suitable for: Mineral extraction, Industries, Tank irrigation, Horticultural crops (తోట పంటలు).
(c) Plains (మైదానములు):
Average height: Less than 300 meters above MSL.
Composed mainly of fine, powder-like soil/sediments (చూర్ణం లాంటి మట్టి / నేల).
Highly suitable for Agriculture (వ్యవసాయ పంటలు - Vyavasaaya pantalu).
5. Physiographic Divisions of Telangana:
Based on the region's Structure (నిర్మాణం - Nirmaanam) and Relief/Surface Forms (స్వరూపం - Swaroopam), Telangana is divided into 3 major physiographic regions:
Telangana Plateau (తెలంగాణ పీఠభూమి):
The vast elevated landmass primarily located between the Godavari and Krishna river basins within the state.
Area: 59,903 sq km. (Largest of the three divisions).
Godavari Basin Region (గోదావరి బేసిన్ / పరివాహక ప్రాంతం):
The area drained by the Godavari river and its tributaries in Telangana (mainly Northern Telangana).
Area: 37,934 sq km.
Krishna River Basin/Foothills Region (కృష్ణా నది పరివాహక / పర్వత పాద ప్రాంతం):
The area drained by the Krishna river and its tributaries in Southern Telangana. ('Parvatha Paada' might be less accurate, 'Basin/Parivaahaka' is more appropriate).
Area: 14,240 sq km.
6. Characteristics of the Telangana Plateau:
Location: Occupies the central part of the state, between the Godavari (North) and Krishna (South) rivers.
Slope/Gradient:
Higher in the West (పశ్చిమాన) with an average elevation around 600 meters.
Slopes downwards towards the East (తూర్పు వైపు), with average elevation decreasing to around 480 meters.
This eastward tilt (తూర్పు వైపుకు వంగి ఉంది) is characteristic of the larger Deccan Plateau and directs river flow towards the Bay of Bengal.
Elevation Extremes (Average District Elevation):
Highest average elevation district: Hyderabad (హైదరాబాద్ - HYD), approx. 600m.
Lowest average elevation district: Bhadradri Kothagudem (భద్రాద్రి).
Internal Relief: The plateau surface is not flat; it features numerous Hills (కొండలు) and Hillocks (గుట్టలు).
Sub-division based on Elevation: The Telangana Plateau itself is further divided into:
Upper Telangana Plateau (ఎగువ తెలంగాణ పీఠభూమి): Western part, higher elevation (avg. 600m).
Lower Telangana Plateau (దిగువ తెలంగాణ పీఠభూమి): Eastern part, lower elevation (avg. 480m).
7. Major Hills and Ranges in Telangana (District-wise):
(1) Adilabad: Satmala Hills (సట్మల కొండలు) / Sahyadri Hills (సహ్యాద్రి కొండలు) - Part of Western Ghats extension.
(2) Nirmal: Nirmal Hills (నిర్మల్ కొండలు), Mahabub Ghats (మహబూబ్ ఘాట్స్).
(3) Komaram Bheem Asifabad: Sirpur Hills (సిర్పూర్ కొండలు) - Location of Sirpur Paper Mill.
(4) Jagtial: Rakhi Hills (రాఖీ కొండలు) - Area also has plains suitable for agriculture.
(5) Peddapalli: Ramagiri Hills (రామగిరి కొండలు).
(6) Karimnagar: Rakhi Hills (రాఖీ కొండలు), Goli Hills (గోలీ కొండలు).
(7) Rajanna Sircilla: Sircilla Hills (సిరిసిల్ల కొండలు).
(8) Jayashankar Bhupalpally: Pandava Hills (పాండవ కొండలు).
(9) Mulugu & Bhadradri Kothagudem: Kandikal Hills (కందికల్ కొండలు).
(10) Bhadradri Kothagudem: Dhuma Hills (ధూమ కొండలు), Papi Hills (పాపి కొండలు) - Partially in Telangana.
(11) Hyderabad: Rachakonda Hills (రాచకొండలు) - Also extend into neighbouring districts.
(12) Vikarabad: Anantagiri Hills (అనంతగిరి కొండలు).
(13) Medak & Siddipet: Burju Hills (బుర్జు కొండలు), Lakshmidevi Hills (లక్ష్మీదేవి కొండలు).
(14) Nizamabad & Kamareddy: Sirnapalli Hills (సిర్నాపల్లి కొండలు).
(15) Ranga Reddy & Yadadri Bhuvanagiri: Rachakonda Hills (రాచకొండలు).
(16) Nalgonda: Nandi Hills (నంది కొండలు), Devarakonda Hills (దేవరకొండలు), Nallamala Hills (నల్లమల కొండలు).
(17) Nagarkurnool: Nallamala Hills (నల్లమల కొండలు), Amarabad Hills (అమ్రాబాద్ కొండలు), Shahabad Hills (షాబాద్ కొండలు).
2. Godavari Parivaahaka Prantham (గోదావరి పరివాహక ప్రాంతం - Godavari Basin Region):
Order: Second major physiographic division of Telangana.
Location: Primarily occupies Northern Telangana (ఉత్తర తెలంగాణ).
Formation: Formed by the drainage system of the Godavari River and its tributaries within the state.
River Path: Godavari enters Telangana from Maharashtra (MR) and flows towards Andhra Pradesh (AP), ultimately reaching the Bay of Bengal.
Districts Covered (Godavari flows through 8 districts in Telangana):
Nizamabad (నిజామాబాద్ - NZB)
Nirmal (నిర్మల్ - NML)
Jagtial (జగిత్యాల - JGL)
Peddapalli (పెద్దపల్లి - PDPL)
Mancherial (మంచిర్యాల - MCRL)
Jayashankar Bhupalpally (జయశంకర్ భూపాలపల్లి - JSB)
Mulugu (ములుగు - MLG)
Bhadradri Kothagudem (భద్రాద్రి కొత్తగూడెం - BDK)
Major Tributaries within this Basin:
Pranahita (ప్రాణహిత)
Manjira (మంజీర)
Indravati (ఇంద్రావతి)
Kinnerasani (కిన్నెరసాని)
Sabari (శబరి)
Maneru (మానేరు) (mentioned later in the context of tributaries)
Geological Structure (శిలా నిర్మాణం):
Predominantly composed of Gondwana rocks (గోండ్వానా శిలలు) and Lava rocks (లావా శిలలు).
Gondwana rocks formed during the Precambrian era (ప్రీకాంభ్రియన్ యుగం) - very ancient.
Significance of Gondwana Rocks: Rich in Coal deposits (బొగ్గు నిల్వలు).
Singareni Collieries: The famous Singareni coal mines are located in this Gondwana rock formation within the Godavari basin.
SCCL (Singareni Collieries Company Limited):
Headquarters: Kothagudem (కొత్తగూడెం), Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
Ownership: Joint venture - 51% Telangana State Govt. & 49% Central Govt.
Coal Quality: Gondwana coal is high-quality, and Telangana is the main producer in South India.
Area: 37,934 sq km (Second largest division).
3. Krishna Parvatha Paada Prantham (కృష్ణా పర్వత పాద ప్రాంతం - Krishna Foothills/Basin Region): (Note: Speaker uses 'Parvatha Paada' (Foothills) but 'Parivaahaka' (Basin) is also implied and perhaps more accurate geologically)
Order: Third major physiographic division.
Size: Smallest of the three divisions.
Area: 14,240 sq km.
Location: Southern Telangana (దక్షిణ తెలంగాణ).
Formation: Formed by the drainage system of the Krishna River and its tributaries.
River Path: Krishna River flows from Maharashtra/Karnataka through Southern Telangana into Andhra Pradesh.
Associated Hills/Ranges (located within or bordering the basin):
Shahabad Hills (షాబాద్ కొండలు)
Amarabad Hills (అమ్రాబాద్ కొండలు)
Nallamala Hills (నల్లమల కొండలు)
Nandi Hills (నంది కొండలు)
Major Tributaries within this Basin:
Tungabhadra (తుంగభద్ర)
Musi (మూసీ)
Dindi (డిండి)
Munneru (మున్నేరు)
Geological Structure (శిలా నిర్మాణం):
Characterized by very hard, resistant rocks (అత్యంత కఠినమైన శిలలు).
Rock Types: Granite (గ్రానైట్), Gneiss (నీస్), Schist (సిస్ట్), Dharwar (ధార్వార్), Basalt (బాసల్ట్).
Nallamala Hills specific: Also contain Quartzite rocks (క్వార్ట్జైట్ శిలలు).
Key Features:
Amarabad Plateau: Part of the Nallamala range, located in Nagarkurnool district.
Amrabad Tiger Reserve (అమ్రాబాద్ పులుల సంరక్షణ కేంద్రం): Situated on the Amarabad Plateau, it is the largest tiger reserve in Telangana.
5. Shila Nirmaanam (శిలా నిర్మాణం - Overall Rock Structure of Telangana):
Telangana's geology is diverse, built upon ancient rock formations.
Godavari Basin (North): Primarily Lava rocks (లావా శిలలు) and Gondwana rocks (గోండ్వానా శిలలు) (rich in Coal). Underlain by Archaean rocks (ఆర్కియన్ శిలలు).
Telangana Plateau (Central): Mainly Dharwar rocks (ధార్వార్ శిలలు), Crystalline rocks (స్పటికాకార శిలలు), Metamorphic rocks (రూపాంతర శిలలు), and Igneous rocks (అగ్ని శిలలు). Also contains Granite and Basalt.
Krishna Basin (South): Dominated by hard rocks like Granite (గ్రానైట్), Gneiss (నీస్), and Schist (సిస్ట్). Nallamalas also have Quartzite (క్వార్ట్జైట్).
6. Etthu Aadhaaramga Telangana Vibhajana (ఎత్తు ఆధారంగా తెలంగాణ విభజన - Division based on Elevation):
Telangana's topography varies significantly in height above Mean Sea Level (MSL). It is broadly divided into 3 zones based on elevation:
1) High Elevation Zone (> 600m MSL):
Areas above 600 meters.
Districts Examples: Sangareddy (సంగారెడ్డి), Hyderabad (హైదరాబాద్), Ranga Reddy (రంగారెడ్డి), Warangal (వరంగల్).
Characteristics: Generally less suitable for agriculture and tank irrigation due to high elevation and terrain.
2) Medium Elevation Zone (300m - 600m MSL):
Areas between 300 and 600 meters.
District Examples: Nagarkurnool (నాగర్కర్నూల్), Nalgonda (నల్గొండ), Mahbubnagar (మహబూబ్నగర్), Gadwal (గద్వాల్), Wanaparthy (వనపర్తి), Nizamabad (నిజామాబాద్), Medak (మెదక్).
Characteristics: Suitable for Tank irrigation (చెరువులు) and considerable agricultural activity (వ్యవసాయం). Forms the core of the Telangana Plateau.
3) Low Elevation Zone / Plains (< 300m MSL):
Areas below 300 meters.
Location Example: Godavari Basin Region (గోదావరి పరివాహక ప్రాంతం) and Krishna River plains.
Characteristics: Highly suitable for agriculture (వ్యవసాయ అనుకూల ప్రాంతం), often with fertile soils deposited by rivers. Prone to flooding (వరద ప్రభావం) during rainy seasons due to low elevation.
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