Council of Ministers.

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> The President exercises emergency powers only based on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

> The President acts on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers in appointing constitutionally mandated positions.

>  Performs delegated legislative responsibilities.

Collective Responsibility - Aspects Implied in the System:

> If a bill related to any department, introduced by a minister, is defeated in the Lok Sabha, the entire Council of Ministers must resign.

> If a motion of confidence moved by the Prime Minister is defeated in the Lok Sabha, the entire Council of Ministers must resign.

> If a motion of thanks to the President's address to Parliament is defeated in the Lok Sabha, the government must resign.

> If a no-confidence motion moved by the opposition is passed in the Lok Sabha, the government must resign.

> If private member's bills (unofficial bills) are passed in the Lok Sabha, the government must resign.

> If the opposition's cut motions on budget allocations are introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha, the government must resign - Academic perspective.

> If the Prime Minister's position becomes vacant for any reason, the entire Council of Ministers is dissolved.

> Even if the ruling Council of Ministers wins the Lok Sabha elections again, they must submit their resignation and be re-sworn in.

[India's central and state governments operate based on the system of collective responsibility.]
Ministers who resigned or were removed from the Central Council of Ministers for defying or violating the system of collective responsibility:

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar - Resigned from the Central Council of Ministers due to disagreements with Nehru on the Hindu Code Bill.

2. V.V. Giri - Person who resigned due to disagreement with the priority given to the Planning Commission or its structure.

3. John Matthai - Person who resigned because he did not like his financial policies.

4. C.D. Deshmukh - Person who resigned in protest against the division of Bombay State.

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